从聚硫到丁羧—固体推进剂粘合剂化学的主要变化

从1945年到1949年,液体聚硫粘合剂的复合同体推进剂,由于它在硫化前易于加工,在硫化后具有良好的机械性能和粘合强度,因而达到了可以扩大生产的工艺水平。这些发展导致了浇注——壳体粘结方法,在五十年代成功的用在一些火箭发动机上。到1954年,开始合成含有可固化官能团的液体聚丁二烯粘合剂。聚丁二烯最终取代聚硫粘合剂,有如下几个原因:较高的比冲、优良的老化性能及较好的高、低温机械性能。本文评述了这些配方的发展历史,并介绍了从乙基缩甲醛、丁基缩甲醛、丁醚聚硫到聚丁二烯丙烯酸(PBAA)、聚丁二烯丙烯腈(PBAN)和端羧聚丁二烯(CTPB)的变革原因。给出了典型配方实例、性能及其存在的问题。     

Early renal changes in 45 degrees HDT rats

Background: Both microgravity and simulated microgravity models, such as the 45HDT (45 degrees head-down tilt), cause a redistribution of body fluids indicating a possible adaptive process to the microgravity stressor. Understanding the physiological processes that occur in microgravity is a first step to developing countermeasures to stop its harmful effects, i.e., (edema, motion sickness) during long-term space flights. Hypothesis: Because of the kidneys' functional role in the regulation of fluid volume in the body, it plays a key role in the body's adaptation to microgravity. Methods: Rats were injected intramuscularly with a radioactive tracer and then lightly anesthetized in order to facilitate their placement in the 45HDT position. They were then placed in the 45HDT position using a specially designed ramp (45HDT group) or prone position (control group) for an experimental time period of 1 h. During this period, the 99mTc-DTPA (technetium-labeled diethylenepentaacetate, MW=492 amu, physical half-life of 6.02 h) radioactive tracer clearance rate was determined by measuring gamma counts per minute. The kidneys were then fixed and sectioned for electron microscopy. A point counting method was used to quantitate intracellular spaces of the kidney proximal tubules. Results: 45HDT animals show a significantly (p=0.0001) increased area in the interstitial space of the proximal tubules. Conclusions: There are significant changes in the kidneys during a 1 h exposure to a simulated microgravity environment that consist primarily of anatomical alterations in the kidney proximal tubules. The kidneys also appear to respond differently to the initial periods of head-down tilt.     

聚焦航空公司的节油策略

在民航业，油耗是运营商最大的成本支出。受经济和环保等因素影响，节油已成为运营商关心的头等大事。 美国航空运输协会（ATA）2012年1月的最新行业报告显示，从2000年至2011年第二季度，航空燃油费用涨幅高达267％，成为运营成本中上增涨最快的部分。ATA还表示，即使航空公司的用油量增加不多，但支出增加依然很大。     

制造工艺的明天——开放式创新模式助推航空航天产业实现变革

材料、制造工艺的创新以及开放式的创新协作模式，将重塑航空航天行业的明天。     

WELDOX960高强钢MAG焊的工艺研究

在工厂条件下,对WELDOX960高强钢采用OERLIKON公司生产的CarbofilFK-1000实芯焊丝进行MAG焊工艺试验,通过调节焊接电流、电弧电压、焊接速度、气体流量等控制焊缝成形及焊接质量的关键参数,获得了合理的焊接工艺规范。焊后得知,焊缝外观较好,焊道均匀美观。经无损射线探伤检测,底片显示焊缝内部质量符合QJ176A—99Ⅰ级焊缝要求。     

苏联首批女航天员是怎样诞生的

1962年，苏联的5位女性——瓦连京娜·捷列什科娃、兰娜·约尔金娜、塔季扬娜·库兹涅佐娃、瓦连京娜·波诺马廖娃、伊琳娜·索洛维约娃在航天时代刚刚来临之际加入了世界上第一支女子航天员大队。不过除了瓦连京娜·捷列什科娃外，其他几位女航天员最终也未能实现飞天的梦想。这几位苏联女性是怎样当上航天员的？她们离开航天员大队后做了什么？目前生活得怎么样？     

“熊”“鹰”斗法为哪般——小议俄轰炸机飞越美国航母战斗群

图-95引来群鹰2008年2月12日,世界各大媒体纷纷报道了一则令人惊讶的消息:2月9日,一架俄罗斯图-95战略轰炸机竟然重演了冷战时颇具深意的一幕,两度低空飞越美国尼米兹号航母战斗群!美国4架 F/     

涡轮叶栅前缘上游端壁气膜冷却的流场实验研究

对前缘上游端壁有单排和双排孔冷却的大尺寸低速涡轮导向叶栅进行了气动测量、热示踪和端壁流场显示,在吹风比1～3范围获得了叶栅内的详细流场、冷气的空间分布和端壁上的流动图案。结合先前测得的没有冷却时的流场数据,这些结果表明端壁气膜冷却对叶栅流场结构有重大影响,吹风比是主宰射流与二次流间相互作用的主要因素,双排孔喷射使冷气比单排孔喷射更贴近端壁。低吹风比喷射冷气不能到达压力面并被二次流逐渐卷离端壁;中吹风比喷射有效的抑制了二次流的形成,并使端壁流线偏向于无粘流流线,冷气很均匀的覆盖在端壁上。      

Space-to-space Radio Interferometry System from Medium Earth Orbits

This paper presents a new concept to perform space-to-space Very Long Baseline Interferometry which enables the imaging of cosmic sources at high-resolution and high-sensitivity with small antennas. Several individual apertures are embarked on separate identical satellites staggered in height into Polar or Equatorial Circular Medium Earth Orbits (PECMEO orbits). These orbits are stable and allow GNSS-based on-the-fly centimeter-level relative positioning. Coherent operation is possible by exchanging local oscillator components and measured signals through Inter-Satellite Links (ISL). On-board cross correlation is performed at each satellite over a delay window compatible with the accuracy of the on-the-fly relative positioning and the result sent to the ground. Image reconstruction is completed on the ground thanks to sub-millimeter baseline retrieval from accurate GNSS orbits, ISL ranging and spacecraft attitude information. The application of this concept to image the Super Massive Black Hole Sgr A* is hinted.      

军机维修市场预测

据航空战略咨询公司预测,西方国家的军用飞机的维护、修理和大修(MRO)开支今年将达到607亿美元,而2007年的开支为599亿美元.其中,美国军用飞机MRO的开支超过50%,为310亿美元.日本、法国、以色列、英国和韩国紧随其后,但其总数仅为美国军机MRO开支的三分之一.