液氧/烃三组元推进剂助推发动机的设计思想

讨论了液氧/烃三组元推进剂助推发动机的设计思想,这种液氧/甲烷助推发动机的初步设计还使用了液氢.试验表明,液氧/甲烷/液氢三组元推进剂发动机具有燃烧稳定、燃烧效率高、冷却性能好、能与铜合金燃烧室壁很好兼容等优点,因而可消除或大大减少设计可重复使用的高压烃类助推发动机时可能出现的风险.     

固体火箭推进剂——西欧发展情况

详细介绍西欧各国研制固体火箭推进剂的情况及其进展.对双基推进剂,包括浇注双基推进剂、压伸双基推进剂、复合改性浇注双基推进剂和复合推进剂,以及一些粘合剂的特性和发展分别作了叙述.探讨在固体推进剂中加入硼粉后性能的改进以及所带来的问题.今后固体推进剂发展的重点将是:提高总固体含量,进一步提高燃速,改进药柱的力学性能,降低温度敏感系数,以及降低推进剂成本.     

84英寸推进剂药筒与药柱 第一卷 技术讨论

1.0 绪言先进洲际导弹的设计要求使用比现用导弹系统发动机性能更高的固体火箭发动机。这些高性能的发动机将(1)采用高固体含量的先进推进剂,(2)有较高的火焰温度和(3)在相当高的燃烧室压力下工作。因此,先进发动机的喷管和推力向量控制部件所面临的环境将远比现有系统要恶劣得多。为了正确地评价这些先进设计的性能,必须对这些部件在相当苛刻的工作条件下进行大量的鉴定试验,以便模拟实际应用的情况。为此,空军火箭推进实验室(AFRPL)终于研制了     

MX导弹第三级样机评价

本文评述赫克力斯公司正在为空军研制的MX导弹第三级的设计。第三级固体发动机的许多部件和材料都选用了最新的技术。这些新技术包括:带有碳复合材料裙的凯夫拉49发动机壳体;二维和三维碳/碳复合材料的轻型喷管;硝酸酯增塑的聚醚推进剂(NEPE),这种推进剂比冲高、延伸率大;以及两节套筒式可延伸出口锥(EEC)。这些新技术的应用提高了整个发动机的性能。本文对第三级的设计及其主要部件都作了概要介绍。为了说明MX第三级的设计是切实可行的,还将MX第三级各部件设计与以前研制的发动机作了比较。     

固体推进剂中裂纹扩展的一条新定律

确定控制推进剂中裂纹扩展的Paris定律,给出了应力强度因子和裂纹扩展速率之间的幂律关系。但是,这对正确表达粘弹材料中裂纹扩展不尽合适。利用线性累积破坏理论和破坏区的概念,我们给出如下修正定律 da/dt aT=Aα/t_m式中α是达到最大应力σ_m时裂纹前端区域的长度,t_m是与单向拉伸试验中的最大应力相应的时间。就单边预裂试样的拉伸试验而言,本定律可使其结果的分散大大减小,研究中采用CTPB和聚氨酯推进剂。     

一种新的水平搜索共用孔径雷达方案

主要探讨舰船防御的水平搜索问题。该提议要求把阵列安置在船甲板上，通过在位于高桅杆上的多个轻型频率选择表面（FSS）使产生的功率射向水平方向，接收阵列由工作在3：1频率范围内布了宽带天线阵元的圆形阵组成，发射阵列是一种线性阵元阵列，各阵元后面是大功率微波功率模块（MPM），该方案满足水平搜索要求。     

Long-term manipulations of intact microbial mat communities in a greenhouse collaboratory: simulating earth's present and past field environments

Photosynthetic microbial mat communities were obtained from marine hypersaline saltern ponds, maintained in a greenhouse facility, and examined for the effects of salinity variations. Because these microbial mats are considered to be useful analogs of ancient marine communities, they offer insights about evolutionary events during the >3 billion year time interval wherein mats co-evolved with Earth's lithosphere and atmosphere. Although photosynthetic mats can be highly dynamic and exhibit extremely high activity, the mats in the present study have been maintained for >1 year with relatively minor changes. The major groups of microorganisms, as assayed using microscopic, genetic, and biomarker methodologies, are essentially the same as those in the original field samples. Field and greenhouse mats were similar with respect to rates of exchange of oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon across the mat-water interface, both during the day and at night. Field and greenhouse mats exhibited similar rates of efflux of methane and hydrogen. Manipulations of salinity in the water overlying the mats produced changes in the community that strongly resemble those observed in the field. A collaboratory testbed and an array of automated features are being developed to support remote scientific experimentation with the assistance of intelligent software agents. This facility will permit teams of investigators the opportunity to explore ancient environmental conditions that are rare or absent today but that might have influenced the early evolution of these photosynthetic ecosystems.     

Body orientation and center of mass control in microgravity

The control of the body orientation and the center of mass position with respect to the feet was investigated under normo- and microgravity (space flight Altair), during erect posture and at the end of a forward or backward upper trunk movement.

It was observed that during erect posture, the trunk orientation with respect to the vertical was inclined some 6 ° forward in both subjects under microgravity, whereas it was vertical or slightly backward oriented under normogravity. Under microgravity, on the contrary, the initial position CM changed either backwards or forwards. This result suggests that the inclined trunk posture might be due to misevaluating the vertically under microgravity and that different control mechanisms are involved in orienting the trunk and placing the CM.

It was also noted that the final position of the CM at the end of the movement did not differ markedly between microgravity and normogravity. This result suggests that the kinematic synergies which stabilize the CM during uppertrunk movements may result from an automatic central control which is independent from the gravity constraints.     

Pharmacological approaches

The use of drugs as countermeasures in the United States and Russian space programs is examined. Pharmacological tools for short and extended space flights are reviewed. Medications flown on the Shuttle are listed. Considerations for the use of pharmacological countermeasures include pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, therapeutic interventions, space motion sickness, the musculoskeletal system, radiation protection, space flight anemia, and cardiovascular disorders.     

Rapid assessment of radiobiological doses for terrestrial and interplanetary space missions

This paper presents the doses levels expected in orbits in chart form, covering the range 300-800 km of altitude and 0-90 degrees of inclination behind shieldings similar to the Hermes spacecraft and the EVA spacesuit matter distributions. These charts allow users to rapidly find the radiobiological dose received in the most critical organs of the human body either in normal situations or during a large solar event. Outside the magnetosphere, during interplanetary or lunar missions, when the dose received during crossing of the radiation belts become negligible, the dose is due to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar flares. The correct radiobiological assessment of the components of this radiation field becomes a major problem. On the Moon a permanent ground-based station can be shielded by lunar materials against meteoroids and radiations. The radiobiological hazard, essentially linked to the solar flare risk during the transfer phase and the extra-station activities, may be solved by mission planning. For interplanetary flights the problem comes from both increased risk of solar events and from the continuous exposure to GCR. These energetic particles cannot be easily stopped by shieldings; cost considerations imply that more effective materials must be used. Impact on the vehicle design and the mission planning is important.