测定粘结断裂能的嵌接试验法

这个工作的目的是要研究一种试验方法,用来测定推进剂——衬层间的断裂能量。根据试样的形态分析和系统筛选,选择嵌接法作为这一测定的最佳方法。随后的分析又给出了可不计热应力和基本上不考虑泊桑比变化的最佳试样尺寸。我们研究了模拟各种发动机加载状态的试验方法。用超声波纵断面测量法(Acoustic Profilography)这种超声方法来测定裂纹的扩展。为了考虑有限变形和非线性粘弹性,采用 Schapery 发展的 J 积分法来计算断裂能。     

含Zn及Mg的铝合金时效时的一些特点

在时效过程中,扩散现象起着极其重要的作用。扩散速度愈大,原子愈能迅速到达第二相晶核出现及成长的地点,时效过程也就进行得愈快。 费克的扩散定理是基于假定物质是从浓度较高的区域移向浓度较低的区域。康诺别也夫斯基、杰林盖尔等人较晚的著作证明,在扩散过程中起更重要作用的并不是浓度梯度,而是活度梯度。 杰林盖尔推导出的有效扩散系数为,     

用直接最佳法设计最大推力喷管型面

本文介绍一种用直接最佳法来设计最大推力喷管型面的方法。用一个二次多项式来模仿具有固定初始膨胀表面的喷管型面。多项式的系数随确定最大推力喷管型面的直接最佳法而改变。考虑三种直接最佳法:多维线坐标研究、最速下降法和牛顿法。提出结果,以便图解说明三种直接法的特点,证明二项式型面产生的推力基本上与用变分法确定的喷管型面所产生的推力是相同的。     

全息照相无损材料检验法

全息照相干涉测试法,是检验材料的极好方法。它可以采用双重曝光技术,或者也可采用“实时”干涉成象技术。在这两种技术的应用中,使一个不受应力的测试件立体象同一个测试件在另加应力情况下的立体象重叠起来。     

视觉模拟的新途径

视觉模拟,特别是飞机起飞和着陆的关键动作的模拟,长期以来就存在要求逼真度的问题,而且随着在低能见度的极端条件下操作的新要求而极大地增长。在实际飞机上进行训练以适应这些条件不仅困难而危险,而且训练问题还受这样情况的影响,即飞机的飞行任务必须等待既出现所希望的气候条件,同时空域又正好是可用的那种综合情况。飞机训练中人员的危险和钱财的耗费随着更复杂的兵器设备,新一代的大型喷气运输机,以及不久将来采用的超音速运输机的出现也极大地增加。模拟工业许多年来一直在为视觉问题而奋斗,同时由于大型数字计算机的应用,地面模拟器的其它方面已达到惊人的逼真性。实际结果是感觉信号模拟逼真度显著地落后于仪表飞行模拟。本文叙述模拟工业所采取的用以解决这个问题,并提供必要的训练价值的各种途径,。由于理想的系统并不存在,文中叙述了各种途径的限制,并详细地叙述了必须采取的折衷办法。这个问题的一个新途径是利用有限空中走廊模拟的基本特点,实行有限自由度飞行动作的折衷办法,提供优良的图象质量。这种方法应用电影胶片作为数据库,仔细地避免了现代电视质量较低的问题,这样做法,看来为供给训练中最关键的飞行动作部分的一切必需的感觉信号提供唯一的可能性。     

计及盘与叶片的变形时涡轮机轴临界转速的计算

高速转轴临界转速的理论研究以及涡轮机轴的实陈计算,都以下面两个假设之一作为基础的:或者以点质量来代替盘,或者将盘与固定于盘上的叶片认为是绝对刚体,而其直径惯性矩则等于静止状态下的惯性矩。 无论是第一种假设还是第二种假设,一般都不是精确的,当轴作正协调进动的转动     

Evaluation of theories of complex movement planning in different levels of gravity

Due to high redundancy of degrees of freedom in the human body, we can perform any movement, from the simplest to the most complex, in many different ways. Several studies are still trying to identify the motor strategies that master this redundancy and generate the movements whose characteristics are highly stereotyped. The aim of this work is to build a simulator that is able to evaluate different motor planning hypotheses. The most interesting applications of this tool occur in studies of the motor strategy in microgravity conditions. The comparison between simulated movements and kinematics data recorded both on Earth, and during a 5-month mission on board the Mir station shows that for a complex whole-body movement (such as trunk bending) a single planning criterion cannot explain all movement aspects. However, the simulator allows an understanding of the motor planning adaptation of astronauts. In space, the lack of equilibrium constraint (which on Earth brings about the center of mass control) leads to a new motor strategy that minimizes dynamic interactions with the floor.     

The origin and early evolution of membrane channels

The origin and early evolution of ion channels are considered from the point of view that the transmembrane segments of membrane proteins are structurally quite simple and do not require specific sequences to fold. We argue that the transport of solute species, especially ions, required an early evolution of efficient transport mechanisms, and that the emergence of simple ion channels was protobiologically plausible. We also argue that, despite their simple structure, such channels could possess properties that, at the first sight, appear to require markedly greater complexity. These properties can be subtly modulated by local modifications to the sequence rather than global changes in molecular architecture. In order to address the evolution and development of ion channels, we focus on identifying those protein domains that are commonly associated with ion channel proteins and are conserved throughout the three main domains of life (Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea). We discuss the potassium-sodium-calcium superfamily of voltage-gated ion channels, mechanosensitive channels, porins, and ABC-transporters and argue that these families of membrane channels have sufficiently universal architectures that they can readily adapt to the diverse functional demands arising during evolution.     

VISIOMETRICS OF 2D SHOCK-PLANAR S/F/S CURTAIN INTERACTIONS: VORTEX DOUBLE LAYERS, VORTEX PROJECTILES AND DECAYING STRATIFIED TURBULENCE

INTRODUCTIONVarious geometrical configurations havebeen used to obtain an understanding of phenom-ena in accelerated inhomogeneous flows( aifs) ,e.g. Richtmyer- Meshkov ( RM) and Rayleigh-Taylor( RT) flows,where visiometrics are beingemphasized more and more by the community[1] .The classical configuration,an acceleration orimpulse directed perpendicular to a planar inter-face between fluids of different density perturbedby a small- amplitude sinusoid has attracted muchattention for evo…