涡轮叶栅前缘上游端壁气膜冷却的传热实验研究

对前缘上游有单排和双排孔冷却的涡轮导向叶栅端壁进行了详细的传热实验,在吹风比1,2,3下获得了当地气膜冷却效率和换热系数,结合流场测量结果分析了端壁冷却和换热规律。结果表明端壁气膜冷却在很大程度上受二次流的影响,冷却效果主要由吹风比决定,低吹风比喷射时,压力面附近的一个三角形区域没有冷气的覆盖,中、高吹风比喷射可以大幅度提高平均冷却效率并使冷气很均匀的覆盖在端壁上,双排孔喷射比单排孔喷射平均效率提高1倍左右。结果还表明尽管冷气喷射使端壁换热系数随吹风比的增大而显著增大,气膜冷却还是能有效的降低端壁的热负荷,其中以中吹风比双排孔喷射的效果最为显著。      

Domain evolution and functional diversification of sulfite reductases

Sulfite reductases are key enzymes of assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfur metabolism, which occur in diverse bacterial and archaeal lineages. They share a highly conserved domain "C-X5-C-n-C-X3-C" for binding siroheme and iron-sulfur clusters that facilitate electron transfer to the substrate. For each sulfite reductase cluster, the siroheme-binding domain is positioned slightly differently at the N-terminus of dsrA and dsrB, while in the assimilatory proteins the siroheme domain is located at the C-terminus. Our sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the siroheme-binding domain shows that sulfite reductase sequences diverged from a common ancestor into four separate clusters (aSir, alSir, dsr, and asrC) that are biochemically distinct; each serves a different assimilatory or dissimilatory role in sulfur metabolism. The phylogenetic distribution and functional grouping in sulfite reductase clusters (dsrA and dsrB vs. aSiR, asrC, and alSir) suggest that their functional diversification during evolution may have preceded the bacterial/archaeal divergence.     

高压涡轮工作叶片叶型设计研究

针对高压涡轮工作叶片叶栅型面特征,采用可压燃气黏性流2维计算方法对高压涡轮工作叶片叶型进行了气动研究,并通过试验验证了优化设计,得到了叶栅气动设计参数。经与初始叶型对比,优化叶型在各状态下损失特性变化更为平缓,在超临界状态下效率更高,在λ2is=1.20状态下的损失减少了2.8%。该方法缩短了设计时间,并且节省了平面叶栅吹风试验的成本。     

采用二极管检波器的双六端口网络分析仪

介绍了一种采用二极管检波器的双六端口网络分析仪的性能,这种网络分析仪在2—18GHz频带内采用商品低势垒肖特基二极管。本文描述了校准偏离平方律特性的二极管的方法。给出的测量结果,揭示了六端口网络分析仪测量单端口和二端口器件的准确度和精密度。     

指控中心STS轨道器各系统飞行监视操作自动化

约翰逊航天中心任务操作部(MOD)的主要任务是为空间运输(STS)系统提供地面保障和训练宇航员。随着轨道器飞行频度增加,而且航天计划日益成为国家的科技实用资源,用现有方法和设施提供高质量的保障、产品以及宇航员训练面临着极其严峻的挑战。为此正在进行几项工作,通过应用自动化技术(特别是在遥测监视和分析领域)减轻目前压在训练有素的操作人员肩上的重担。利用由操作人员设计和开发的软件,分阶段引进多任务分布式工作站的工程也在顺利进行。确立了一种用户开发样机的新概念,样机与现有集中式监视系统同时工作,相互参照评价,然后分阶段投入实用。从概念提出到样机移交,用户和开发者的广泛参与可确保评价、改进,以及最重要的——验收高度成功。     

生物组织光学参数:优化散射系数(μ′s)的实时在位测定

利用了一套特殊设计光纤探头组成的稳定态光纤光谱仪测试生物组织的光学参数,从悬乳液(Intralipid)与模拟胶 (Phantom) 实验推导出优化散射系数(Reduced scattering coefficient: μ′s)近红外谱测量经验公式.测量反射系数就可以计算出优化散射系数谱.计算结果用模拟胶作了验证, 并对大鼠脑组织μ′s进行了实时在位测量,从而得到了一种μ′s在位测量的有效方法.     

卫星通信系统的现状与动向

CCC——卫星通信系统——星上等效全向辐射功率 BPK——(地面频道信号)时分——脉码调制——二重相位键控——(卫星转发器通道信号)频分多     

Novel laboratory approaches to multi-purpose aquatic bioregenerative closed-loop food production systems

Based on the construction principle of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) two novel combined animal-plant production systems were developed in laboratory scale the first of which is dedicated to mid-term operation in closed state up to two years. In principle both consist of the "classic" C.E.B.A.S. subcomponents: animal tank (Zoological Component), plant cultivators (Botanical Component), ammonia converting bacteria filter (Microbial Component) and data acquisition/control unit (Electronical Component). The innovative approach in the first system is the utilization of minimally three aquatic plant cultivators for different species. In this one the animal tank has a volume of about 160 liters and is constructed as an "endless-way system" surrounding a central unit containing the heat exchanger and the bacteria filter with volumes of about 1.5 liters each. A suspension plant cultivator (1 liter) for the edible duckweed Wolffia arrhiza is externally connected. The second plant cultivator is a meandric microalgal bioreactor for filamentous green algae. The third plant growth facility is a chamber with about 2.5 liters volume for cultivation of the "traditional" C.E.B.A.S. plant species, the rootless buoyant Ceratophyllum demersum. Both latter units are illuminated with 9 W fluorescent lamps. In the current experiment the animal tank contains the live-bearing teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri and the small pulmonate water snail Biomphalaria glabrata because their physiological adaptation to the closed system conditions is well known from many previous C.E.B.A.S. experiments. The water temperature is maintained at 25 degrees C and the oxygen level is regulated between 4 and 7 mg/l by switching on and off the plant cultivator illuminations according to a suitable pattern thus utilizing solely the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The animals and the microorganisms of filter and biofilm provide the plants with a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. Oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and redox potential are on-line recorded. Ion concentrations and numbers of living germs in the system water are determined twice monthly in the laboratory from samples taken from a special "sample removal module"; the sample volume is automatically replaced from an reservoir container. A rotatory pump produces a water flow of about 38 l/min. For a similar smaller test system with approx. 10 l volume developed from the C.E.B.A.S.-MINI-MODULE a novel indirect solar energy supply is tested which has a buffer capacity to maintain the system for 7 days in darkness under central European climate conditions also in winter. It contains only a single plant cultivator which is operated with Wollfia arrhiza. This lemnacean plant is able to produce large amounts of plant biomass in a short time by vegetative reproduction via daughter fronds. This easy-to-handle apparatus is dedicated to be operative more than 4 month. The experimental animals and microorganisms are the same as in the large system. The paper provides detailed information on the system construction principles and the biological, physical and chemical data of the initial phase of the test runs of both systems with the main focus on the large one.     

“通过式反射线”:一种校准双六端口自动网络分析仪的改进技术

在一篇较早的论文中,曾经叙述过采用“通过式短路延迟线”(TSD)来校准双六端口自动网络分析仪的技术。另外一种方案只需要一节精密传输线和一个“校准电路”。目前已把这两种略有不同途径的优点结合起来,而不再需要已知短路或者“校准电路”。本文将就这种新方法,做理论探讨。