Goals and preparation method for ground operations for the manned space flight Altair

The mission's success fully depends on the Payload Operations conducted during the space flight. The Ground Team has to be trained to assist the Space Crew, to replan the cosmonaut's activities when contingengies occurr onboard and to change or cancel Payload activities when required. In order to act efficiently during the mission, the Ground Team must be prepared in advance of the flight and able to operate special tools for tracking the mission's progress, anticipating problems and taking decisions in realtime.

This document sets out the approach for conducting such a preparation for Ground Operation. It will be focused on the Altaïr mission performed in July 1993 onboard the Russian Mir space station.     

Efficacy of Doppler ultrasound [correction of utrasound] for screening symptoms of decompression sickness during simulated extravehicular activities

Doppler ultrasound is frequently used for monitoring circulating microbubbles during decompression to assess the symptoms of Decompression Sickness (DCS). This analysis was carried out to evaluate its effectiveness for screening symptoms of DCS during simulated extravehicular activities (EVA). The information from various hypobaric chamber studies carried out at the NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX was used in this analysis (n = 516). The circulating microbubbles were detected in the precordial area in 42% (218/516), and symptoms were reported in 16% (81/516) of these exposures. The accuracy of Doppler-detectable bubbles (Spencer grades) on all symptoms of DCS was examined by calculating measures of sensitivity and specificity. The efficacy of Doppler as a screening device was examined by calculating their positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The results of these analyses indicated that the sensitivity of Doppler decreased, and the PPV increased with higher Spencer grades. However, the likelihood of detecting true negative cases (NPV) was consistently higher with all bubble grades. Due to the high false-positive rate and low prior probabilities of the risk of DCS, Doppler was found to be more useful to identify those who did not develop DCS, than to detect positive cases of DCS in the simulated EVA exposures.     

Remote assistance experiment during the manned space flight Altair

This remote assistance trial, performed within the framework of the manned space flight Altaïr, was carried out by CADMOS (CNES), with the cooperation of the Sub-directorate of CNES Operational Systems, Medes, LBM of Tours and Christol Consultants. It consisted of supplying the cosmonaut performing the Orthostatism experiment (echograph acquisition) on board the Mir station with realtime assistance by an expert (LBM of Tours) working from the ground on the CADMOS premises. The various steps of the approach followed during the preparation phase are described, as well as the technical means of communication used between the Mir station and CADMOS.     

现代毫米波雷达

本文从过去的一篇ＩＣＭＷＦＴ９０论文谈到最近发表的产在于毫米波综述和毫米波应用的论文中所涉及的毫米波雷达的最新进展，本文记录了毫米波雷达技术的进展情况，起初，毫米波技术的迅速提高曾引起巨大进展。如今不但在研究新的毫米波应用，而且还在继续改进以前开发的应用。     

前苏联运载火箭计划

前苏联第一代运载火箭是在洲际弹道导弹 R7上改进的,该导弹于1957年8月22日首次发射成功(图1)。有效载荷为3吨的火箭研制,开始于五十年代初,到1953年底,对提议的 REP 方案进行了审查,将有效载荷增加到5.5～6.0吨。在 R7火箭基础上,研制了一个带有空间试验卫星的运载火箭。     

遥测系统传输精度的测定

文章通过对遥测系统误差因素的分析，提出了几种测定遥测系统传输精度的方法，重点介绍以单片机为基础的遥测信号发生器的设计，提出了一种相应的数据处理方法──区间数据处理法．遥测信号发生器体积小、通用性强、适应性广、使用灵活，适用于遥测设备研制出厂检验、靶场验收和执行任务时的误差分析和精度检验．     

腐蚀对sic/Al(L2)和sic/Al-Ni复合丝力学性能的影响~①

本文对SiC/Al(L2)和SiC/A1-Ni复合丝在蒸馏水和在3.5％NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。通过测试腐蚀前后复合丝的抗拉强度,利用气相色谱、发射光谱、X射线衍射等手段分析腐蚀气体和腐蚀产物,观察金相和扫描电镜下形貌的变化,发现SiC/A1复合丝在室温蒸馏水中36天、50℃和75℃蒸馏水中各15天浸泡后,其抗拉强度基本保持不变,说明该类复合材料对潮湿环境具有良好的耐腐蚀性能;SiC/A1-Ni复合丝在3.5％NaC1溶液中浸泡后,其抗拉强度随溶液温度升高和时闻延长而逐渐下降;其腐蚀主要是选择性腐蚀,其次是孔蚀和缝隙蚀。     

Main medical results of extended flights on space station Mir in 1986-1990

During 1986-1990 seven prime spacecrews (16 cosmonauts) have flown on-board the Mir orbital complex. The longest space mission duration was 366 days The principal objectives of the medical tasks were the maintenance of good health and performance of the spacecrews and conducting medical research programs which included study of the cardiovascular, motor, endocrine, blood, immune, and metabolic systems. Results obtained point to the ability of humans to readily adapt to a year-long stay in space and maintain good health and performance. Readaptation had a similar course as after other previous long-term space flights of up to 8 months in duration. Primary body system changes were not qualitatively different from findings after flights aboard the Salyut 6 and 7 space stations. In this case, during and after an 11-12 month flight, body system alterations were even less severe which was a result of adequate countermeasure use, their systematic and creative employment and maintenance of required environments to support life and work in space.     

按降低轨迹灵敏度综合最优设计飞行控制系统

本文提出了一个按降低轨迹灵敏度综合最优设计飞行控制系统的方法。它能使系统具有满意的动态品质,同时对系统参数的变化及非线性产生的影响具有较强的鲁棒性。该设计方法具有通用性和程序化,系统实现简单。     

地球同步自旋稳定卫星的姿态确定方法及其微机实现

本文系作者根据航天部中国空间技术研究院和意大利国家研究委员会联合研究“卫星飞行动力学系统”课题的协议与意大利有关专家共同在微机上完成的自旋稳定地球同步卫星姿态确定的研究工作。文中提出了适用于不同轨道几何条件的六种确定性姿态确定模型。首先用批量最小二乘法统计确定卫星姿态,估计出系统误差,然后从实际量测中消去所估计出的系统误差,最后用修正过的数据按确定性姿态确定方法定出卫星姿态。文中给出了姿态确定方法的微机实现程序。仿真结果证明,本方法与大型机IBM 3081上取得的结果完全相同。