测试与校准实验室保密监督检查实践

根据新版保密资格标准中的保密检查要求,基于风险管理思想提出以风险分析为基础,以风险控制为核心的保密监督检查体系,形成基于主要风险的保密监督检查金字塔模型和各类保密检查的设计方法,指导测试与校准实验室保密监督检查工作的开展。     

汞离子微波频标汞光谱灯设计

汞离子微波频标由于其体积小、指标高的优势,未来将在卫星导航、深空探测和守时中得到广泛应用。汞离子微波频标的优势在于利用汞灯进行抽运,可实现小型化。而汞灯的指标会限制汞离子微波频标的物理极限,因此汞灯的设计尤其重要,通过大量的实验完成了汞灯的设计。测试指标如下,功率稳定度大约2.5%,测试时间为3天;194nm与253nm谱线能量比约1/45,通过滤光泡可改善为1/3。     

Simulations of absorbed dose on the phantom surface of MATROSHKA-R experiment at the ISS

The health risks associated with exposure to various components of space radiation are of great concern when planning manned long-term interplanetary missions, such as future missions to Mars. Since it is not possible to measure the radiation environment inside of human organs in deep space, simulations based on radiation transport/interaction codes coupled to phantoms of tissue equivalent materials are used. However, the calculated results depend on the models used in the codes, and it is therefore necessary to verify their validity by comparison with measured data. The goal of this paper is to compare absorbed doses obtained in the MATROSHKA-R experiment performed at the International Space Station (ISS) with simulations performed with the three-dimensional Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS). The absorbed dose was measured using passive detectors (packages of thermoluminescent and plastic nuclear track detectors) placed on the surface of the spherical tissue equivalent phantom MATROSHKA-R, which was exposed aboard the ISS in the Service Zvezda Module from December 2005 to September 2006. The data calculated by PHITS assuming an ISS shielding of 3 g/cm² and 5 g/cm² aluminum mass thickness were in good agreement with the measurements. Using a simplified geometrical model of the ISS, the influence of variations in altitude and wall mass thickness of the ISS on the calculated absorbed dose was estimated. The uncertainties of the calculated data are also discussed; the relative expanded uncertainty of absorbed dose in phantom was estimated to be 44% at a 95% confidence level.     

Comparisons of several transport models in their predictions in typical space radiation environments

We have used several transport codes to calculate dose and dose equivalent values as well as the particle spectra behind a slab or inside a spherical shell shielding in typical space radiation environments. Two deterministic codes, HZETRN and UPROP, and two Monte Carlo codes, FLUKA and Geant4, are included. A soft solar particle event, a hard solar particle event, and a solar minimum galactic cosmic rays environment are considered; and the shielding material is either aluminum or polyethylene. We find that the dose values and particle spectra from HZETRN are in general rather consistent with Geant4 except for neutrons. The dose equivalent values from HZETRN and Geant4 are not far from each other, but the HZETRN values behind shielding are often lower than the Geant4 values. Results from FLUKA and Geant4 are mostly consistent for considered cases. However, results from the legacy code UPROP are often quite different from the other transport codes, partly due to its non-consideration of neutrons. Comparisons for the spherical shell geometry exhibit the same qualitative features as for the slab geometry. In addition, results from both deterministic and Monte Carlo transport codes show that the dose equivalent inside the spherical shell decreases from the center to the inner surface and this decrease is large for solar particle events; consistent with an earlier study based on deterministic radiation transport results. This study demonstrates both the consistency and inconsistency among these transport models in their typical space radiation predictions; further studies will be required to pinpoint the exact physics modules in these models that cause the differences and thus may be improved.     

Interplanetary spacecraft navigation using pulsars

We demonstrate how observations of pulsars can be used to help navigate a spacecraft travelling in the solar system. We make use of archival observations of millisecond pulsars from the Parkes radio telescope in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and highlight issues, such as pulsar spin irregularities, which need to be accounted for. We show that observations of four millisecond pulsars every seven days using a realistic X-ray telescope on the spacecraft throughout a journey from Earth to Mars can lead to position determinations better than ∼20 km and velocity measurements with a precision of ∼0.1 ms⁻¹.     

变构型多操纵面RLV进场着陆轨迹优化设计

针对变构型多操纵面可重复使用飞行器(RLV)的进场着陆问题,提出了一种进场着陆轨迹设计方法.将进场着陆轨迹分为深下滑着陆轨迹和拉平着陆轨迹;考虑了气动舵面可操纵偏转限制及深下滑拟平衡约束条件,对深下滑着陆轨迹进行了优化设计;考虑了RLV气动舵面调节余量和构型变化过程,以起落架放下时间、拉平法向过载及接地状态为约束,基于RLV动力学方程,采用轨迹推演的方法对拉平着陆轨迹进行了优化设计.深下滑着陆轨迹和拉平着陆轨迹组成完整的进场着陆轨迹,所设计的着陆轨迹综合考虑了多种约束条件,提高了着陆过程平稳性和安全性.      

Space-based line-of-sight tracking control of GEO target using nonsingular terminal sliding mode

This paper addresses the issue of high-precision line-of-sight (LOS) tracking of geosynchronous earth orbit target in highly dynamic conditions via spacecraft attitude maneuver. First, characteristics of the LOS motion are analyzed by a simplified linear relative motion model. Second, after transforming the quaternion-based attitude model into a double integrator system, a new nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller is proposed for spacecraft attitude tracking in a nominal case without parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. Third, an adaptive new nonsingular terminal mode controller is proposed for spacecraft attitude tracking in an uncertain case, which is done via constructing a pair of adaptive laws to estimate the parametric uncertainties and external disturbances online. The robust stability and finite time convergence property of the closed-loop system are demonstrated by Lyapunov theorem. Under control of the proposed controller, zero steady state error tracking of LOS with a smooth transition phase can be achieved in scheduled time, regardless of parametric uncertainties and external disturbances online. Finally, detailed numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed controllers. Contrasting simulation results shows that proposed controllers can track the desired trajectories effectively and have better performance against the controllers based on linear sliding mode and the existing fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode.     

C51程序优化技巧

介绍了几种对51系列单片机的C51程序进行优化的方法，它能有效地减少程序和数据存储空间，使单片机内有限的硬件资源得到充分的发挥。这些方法同样适用于其它C语言程序。     

双模态超燃燃烧室计算

选择了固定几何流通截面的双模态超燃燃烧室模型,采用气动热力调节的方法（即调节燃料喷射方式和燃烧速率）来实现双模态、宽马赫范围工作。在计算中用一维、定比热容方法分析了相关参数对燃烧室模态转变、性能的影响和隔离段与燃烧室的相互作用。计算结果表明,气动热力调节实现燃烧室内燃烧模态的转变是可行的。