In situ analysis of Europa ices by short-range melting probes

A key aspect for understanding the astrobiological potential of planets and moons in the Solar system is the analysis of material embedded in or underneath icy layers on the surface. In particular in case of the icy crust of Jupiters moon Europa such investigation would be of greatest interest. For a Europa lander to be launched in the 2020–2030 timeframe, we propose to use a simplified instrumented melting probe which is able to access and sample depths of a few meters without the necessity of heavy and complicated drilling equipment.     

Spatial variation of the supersonic thermal plasma flow downstream of the termination shock

In this paper we start from the most recently observed fact that the solar wind plasma after passage over the termination shock is still supersonic with a Mach number of about 2. To explain this unexpected phenomenon and to predict the evolution of properties of the downstream plasma flow we here consider a two-fluid proton plasma with pick-up protons as a separate suprathermal, second proton fluid. We then formulate a self-consistent system of hydrodynamical conservation equations coupling the two fluids by dynamical and thermodynamical coupling terms and taking into account the effects of newly incorporated protons due to charge exchange with the H-atoms in the heliosheath. This then allows us to predict that in the most probable case the solar wind protons will become subsonic over a distance of about 30 AU downstream of the shock. As we can also show, it may, however, happen that the plasma mixture later again reconverts to a supersonic signature and has to undergo a second shock before meeting the heliopause.     

The photometric study of light scattering from the surface of alumina powder and interpretations by Hapke formula

A laboratory experiment helps to understand the light scattering property of regolith like samples with known compositions and other physical parameters. The laboratory data so obtained can be compared with the existing in situ data on celestial objects like asteroids. Further, it may be analyzed with the help of various theoretical models to understand the light scattering processes from regolith more clearly. In this work we have performed laboratory based photometry of the light scattered from the surfaces of powdered alumina (Al₂O₃) at various tilt angles of the sample and at large phase angles, with the particles having diameter 0.3 μm. The wavelength of observation was 632.8 nm. These data have been fitted by a surface scattering model originally suggested by Hapke. Instead of using empirical Henyey–Greenstein phase function to fix the values of albedo and phase function to be used within Hapke formula, we have used Mie theory for the same. This approach helped us to determine the single particle properties such as particle diameter and complex refractive index from surface scattering phase curve alone. Mie theory depends only on the size parameter X(=2π(radius/wavelength)) and complex refractive index (n, k) of the material. Since the absorption coefficient (k) for alumina is known to be very low but not exactly zero, the best fit to the experimental data was obtained by least square technique with k as a free parameter, as the other parameters are known. Finally, we compare our results with other published results and discuss the scope of application of the method we adopted.     

航天器扫描镜成像位置误差补偿技术

研究地球静止轨道航天器两自由度扫描镜成像位置误差补偿问题,即通过对扫描角的补偿,使光轴在地球表面的成像点位置与标称位置相同,消除探测区域的位置偏差.在考虑扫描镜法线偏移、姿态偏差以及轨道误差条件下,推导了光轴成像点的地心经纬度计算公式.给出了上述3类误差的具体描述方式,并分析了各种误差对光轴成像点位置的影响关系.基于角度误差的小量假设条件,给出了扫描镜的步进角/扫描角补偿量的显式算法.针对法线偏移信息一般难以准确测量的问题,提出了一种利用扫描镜在特定工作模式下的光轴惯性空间定向能力和法线偏移的长周期特性对其进行估计的方法.仿真结果表明,所提出的补偿方案和算法能够显著提高成像点位置精度.     

基于伪寿命的加速退化机理一致性边界检验

根据寿命型随机变量的加速机理一致性条件,提出一种基于伪寿命的加速退化机理一致性边界检验方法,通过由低到高逐一对各个加速应力水平下的退化机理一致性进行检验,来确定加速退化机理一致性的边界应力水平.针对工程常用的两类寿命型分布——对数正态分布和Weibull分布,分别以对数标准差和形状参数为退化机理表征量,在产品伪寿命估计的基础上建立了退化机理表征量齐性检验的F统计量,导出了退化机理一致性检验拒绝域的解析式,给出了退化机理一致性边界检验的具体步骤.该方法能够充分利用多个应力水平下表征产品退化机理一致的横向信息,有效提高了检验的精度.以某镀膜平板玻璃热退化机理一致性边界温度的确定为例,分析说明了该方法的合理性与有效性.     

满足多约束的主动段能量管理制导方法

高超音速飞行器运载任务需要满足多项约束条件,针对耗尽关机型固体运载火箭需要在主动段进行能量管理.基于控制推力和速度之间夹角来实现主动段能量管理的思路,综合交变姿态控制能量管理(AEM,Alternate Attitude Control Energy Management)和一般能量管理(GEM,General Energy Management),提出了样条能量管理(SEM,Spline Energy Management)制导方法,并针对分离前定轴飞行约束条件进行了修正.以三级运载火箭为例,通过AEM,GEM和SEM对比,验证了样条能量管理制导方法的可行性.     

基于接触状态分析的叶冠阻尼评估与改进设计

采用基于接触状态分析的干摩擦阻尼结构设计方法,针对某型带冠涡轮叶片进行了阻尼评估与改进设计.接触状态包括接触形式和接触参数,通过接触形式从结构上判断结构设计的合理性;通过接触参数从力学性能上评价叶冠的阻尼效果.对叶片的动力特性、接触状态和振动响应进行综合评估分析,找出叶冠结构设计不足之处,并指出具体的改进措施,使叶冠的接触状态及振动响应得到一定的改善,并找到叶冠弦宽稳定工作范围.接触状态能够细致反映出叶冠工作状态下真实的接触情况,为叶冠结构设计和阻尼效果判定提供了更准确、详尽的参考依据.     

合成射流控制鼓包分离流动的数值模拟

为了研究合成射流控制鼓包背风面分离流动的效果,采用商用流体力学软件FLUENT^® 6.3求解Reynolds平均Navier-Stokes方程,通过分析鼓包壁面摩擦力系数分布、旋涡脱落结构以及射流孔口附近流动结构,揭示了合成射流对分离点不固定的流动分离的控制机理.结果表明:在分离点前施加合成射流可有效缩小回流区范围,涡脱落被施加的激励"锁定",涡脱落的频率等于合成射流的频率.此外,在本研究所考虑的情况下,动量系数越大,控制效果越好.从时均效果看,当施加最大吹气动量系数为0.369 1%的合成射流时,分离泡长度减小了11%.     

新型二维推力矢量喷管数值模拟

针对现有流体推力矢量控制方案的不足,提出利用喷流附壁效应的新型矢量喷管,借助于尾喷管射流对固壁延伸面的跟随作用控制尾喷流方向,实现推力转向.在此基础上采用限制流量的方法调节喷流的抽吸程度,产生不同的横向压力梯度,达到了矢量化控制推力转向的目的.运用这一概念设计了二维矢量喷管,用数值实验方式验证了喷管的推力转向效果,采用限制流量方法得到的最大矢量角度约13.3°,进一步结合射流控制可以使矢量偏角达到20°以上.通过对该喷管流场的数值计算研究,探讨了该矢量喷管内喷流转向形成的流动机理,从推力损失、转向效率上对喷管的性能特点进行了分析,为下一步开展实验研究奠定了基础.