超声波流量测量中流速计算方法的对比

超声波流量计(UFM,Ultrasonic Flow Meter)通过测量管路中顺流和逆流方向的超声波传播时间变化计算流速,因此超声波传播时间的准确测量对流量计的精度影响至关重要.对超声波流量计的测量方法进行研究,从环境温度的变化、时间测量的准确性、不确定度的计算3个方面,对比超声波传播时间差法和频率差法对流量测量精度的影响.通过超声波流量测量实验,验证了在流量计未校准的情况下,与频率差法相比,时间差法的测量精度更高,且其校准系数曲线的线性度更好,校准后可在全流量范围内获得更高的测量精度.     

钛合金表面电火花沉积NiCr–3涂层的试验研究

钛合金由于表面硬度低及耐磨性差而发展受限,利用电火花沉积技术对其表面进行改性处理可提升钛合金材料工作性能.以NiCr–3为电极在钛合金表面制备了强化涂层,分析了工艺参数对涂层表面粗糙度、表面形貌及厚度的影响规律,分析了不同工艺条件下涂层的微观组织结构变化规律.结果表明,随着比沉积时间的增加,涂层厚度先增加后减小,最佳比...     

Influence of fuel hydrogen additives on the characteristics of a gas-piston engine under changes of an ignition advance angle

We present the results of experimental studies of the fuel hydrogen additive influence on the characteristics of a gas-piston engine converted for operation by natural gas under changes of an ignition advance angle (IAA). The results of investigations were used to determine the influence of the hydrogen additive on the effective engine efficiency and fuel consumption under IAA changes.     

Estimation of dynamic characteristics of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">International Space Station</Emphasis> from measurements of microaccelerations

We describe the results of determining the mass of the International Space Station using the data of MAMS accelerometer taken during correction of the station orbit on August 20, 2004. The correction was made by approach and attitude control engines (ACE) of the Progress transporting spacecraft. The engines were preliminary calibrated in an autonomous flight using the onboard device for measuring apparent velocity increment. The method of calibration is described and its results are presented. The error in station mass determination is about 1%. The same data of MAMS and similar data obtained during the orbit correction on August 26, 2004 were used for the analysis of high-frequency vibrations of the station mainframe caused by operation of the ACE of Progress. Natural frequencies of the ACE are determined. They lie in the frequency band 0.024–0.11 Hz. ACE operation is demonstrated to result in a substantial increase of microaccelerations onboard the station in the frequency range 0–1 Hz. The frequencies are indicated at which disturbances increase by more than an order of magnitude. The study described was carried out as a part of the Tensor technological experiment.     

A method of calculation of vertical cutoff rigidity in the geomagnetic field

On the basis of generalization of the results of extensive trajectory calculations for trial charged particles moving in the geomagnetic field the method of calculation of effective vertical cutoff rigidity, taking into account the values of K _p -index and local time, is developed. The IGRF and Tsyganenko-89 models are used for the geomagnetic field. A comparison of the results of model simulations with the experimental data on penetration of charged particles into near-Earth space is made, and penetration functions for typical spacecraft orbits are calculated.     

Ballistics, navigation, and motion control for a spacecraft during its landing on the surface of Phobos

Basic concepts and algorithms laid as foundations of the scheme of landing on the Martian moon Phobos (developed for the Phobos-Grunt project) are presented. The conditions ensuring the landing are discussed. Algorithms of onboard navigation and control are described. The equations of spacecraft motion with respect to Phobos are considered, as well as their use for correction of the spacecraft motion. The algorithm of estimation of the spacecraft’s state vector using measurements with a laser altimeter and Doppler meter of velocity and distance is presented. A system for modeling the landing with a firmware complex including a prototype of the onboard computer is described.     

Determination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Foton M-2</Emphasis> satellite attitude motion by the data of microacceleration measurements

The results of reconstruction of uncontrolled attitude motion of the Foton M-2 satellite using measurements with the accelerometer TAS-3 are presented. The attitude motion of this satellite has been previously determined by the measurement data of the Earth’s magnetic field and the angular velocity. The TAS-3 data for this purpose are used for the first time. These data contain a well-pronounced additional component which made impossible their direct employment for the reconstruction of the attitude motion and whose origin was unknown several years ago. Later it has become known that the additional component is caused by the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field. The disclosure of this fact allowed us to take into account a necessary correction in processing of TAS-3 data and to use them for the reconstruction of the attitude motion of Foton M-2. Here, a modified method of processing TAS-3 data is described, as well as results of its testing and employing. The testing consisted in the direct comparison of the motion reconstructed by the new method with the motion constructed by the magnetic measurements. The new method allowed us to find the actual motion of Foton M-2 in the period June 9, 2005–June 14, 2005, when no magnetic measurements were carried out.     

Effect of parametric and nonlinear perturbations on statistical dynamics of the Earth’s pole

We study the influence of additive and parametric slowly varying harmonic (at the Chandler frequency and doubled frequency) and stochastic Gaussian broadband perturbations on mathematical expectations, variances, and covariations of oscillations of the Earth’s pole. The influence of perturbations on both regular and irregular stochastic oscillations is considered in detail. Results of numerical experiments are presented. The developed models and software are included into information resources on the fundamental problem “Statistical dynamics of the Earth’s rotation” of Russian Academy of Sciences.     

大涡模拟超声速两相流混合层的非线性分析

为研究超声速两相流混合机理,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法数值仿真了超声速混合层内液滴两相流流场结构.用二维盒式滤波法处理可压缩气相N-S方程,得到亚格子形式的LES控制方程;用轨道模型仿真液滴运动,并用单液滴蒸发模型模拟液滴蒸发过程.利用伪邻近法和互信息量法确定了相空间重构的嵌入维数和时间延迟,对混合层压力时间序列进行了相空间重构.分析了仿真结果中混合层的涡结构特性和液滴对流场的反作用效果,并讨论了混合层失稳过程的非线性特征.发现混合层发展的不同阶段与其系统的非线性特征值密切相关.