Sensitivity analysis for air temperature profile estimation methods around the tropopause using simulated Aqua/AIRS data

A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate potential improvements to the accuracy of air temperature profile retrievals near the tropopause. A simple inversion method is employed to identify and remove redundant spectral channels from the retrievals using simulated data for the high-spectral resolution sounder AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) on the Aqua satellite. Bayesian optimal theory and inverse technique are applied for the atmospheric temperature profile retrievals, and the 15 μm CO₂ absorption bands (620–750 cm⁻¹) are chosen for this study. Sequentially elimination of redundant channels is directly integrated into the inverse scheme for the temperature profile, in order to accurately retain the valuable channels and remove all the redundant channels, for accurate retrieval of the temperature profile. Also, the tropopause and troposphere are treated differently in the inverse scheme to improve the retrieval accuracy in the tropopause. Results of a sensitivity analysis based on this method, for the Tropical and Middle-Latitude Summer models simulated by MODTRAN4.0, show that the estimated accuracies are improved by 2 K around the tropopause, and are only changed by less than 0.2 K in the troposphere.     

Polar ionosphere and geomagnetic response for the flux transfer events: A case study

On April 15th 2003, Cluster crossed the dayside magnetopause boundary and observed a series flux transfer events (FTEs) during the interval from 0630 to 0730 UT. During this period, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) showed a negative z component and a positive y component. Simultaneous corresponding transient plasma flows were identified in the near-conjugate polar ionosphere by the CUTLASS Finland HF radar, and the geomagnetic field disturbances were observed by the IMAGE ground-based magnetometers. By combing these data and applying the Cooling model, we show that the transient plasma flows and the geomagnetic field disturbances are closely related to the dayside FTEs.     

Why rover preparatory programmes? The example of the French programme “VAP”

The very first activities concerning planetary rovers began in 1964 in the Soviet Union and in the United States for lunar missions. Nowadays, with the increase of new mission needs and technical possibilities, several space agencies have engaged in some preliminary programmes in that area with the following objectives:

• —to prepare their involvement in future international rover missions

• —to ease contacts/discussions between scientists and engineers

• —to study and develop a new generation of in situ experiments

• —to perform system/mission analysis in conjunction with the definition of the mission objectives

• —to analyze robotic problematics and implement robotic concepts in the rover architectures.

To perform these activities, several organizations have been set up in Russia, the United States, Japan, Italy and France, according to the relative weight of space engineering over robotic research.

In the case of the French programme (‘VAP—Automatic Planetary Rover’), the organization is based on a partnership between the CNES, a scientific committee, four national research laboratories and industries in order to optimize scientific and technical work, with an optimal use of past robotic research studies, as well as to generate spin-offs for Earth applications. Indeed, as a preliminary result, we now have a co-operative agreement with Russia to procure cameras and associated software for the autonomous navigation of the Marsokhod 96 and 2 projects for terrestrial applications of robotic concepts defined within the framework of the VAP programme.     

VC集成STK实现可视化场景仿真

对STK集成编程原理进行说明,介绍VC编程环境下应用STK实现可视化场景仿真的方法。以星基多普勒轨道确定和无线电定位组合系统(DORIS)场景仿真为例,对VC集成STK进行可视化场景仿真的详细步骤进行说明。     

CCD太阳敏感器误差分析与补偿

介绍了星载CCD太阳敏感器的工作原理,用空间几何模型阐述了线阵CCD太阳敏感器测量两轴姿态信息的方法,进行了误差分析,建立了系统的误差补偿模型。通过标定试验,确定了模型参数,进行了物理补偿,同时针对系统的残差,提出了数学补偿的方法。测试结果表明敏感器实现了较高的测量精度,验证了误差补偿方法的有效性。     

层板推力室再生冷却通道的传热特性分析

提出液体火箭发动机层板推力室再生冷却通道传热过程的数理模型。采用通用形式控制方程处理冷却剂紊流换热和通道材料导热的共轭传热问题，计算采用LVEL紊流模型，并考虑冷却剂（氢）的热物性参数随温度和压力的变化及层板材料热物性随温度的变化。结果表明，采用大高宽比、小气壁厚度的通道设计，可显著提高再生冷却能力，降低室壁温度和温差。采用对流换热系数和热物性为常数的简化处理会引起很大误差。     

Multiple-model estimation with variable structure. V. Likely-modelset algorithm

For pt. IV see ibid., vol. 35, no. 1, p. 242-254 (1999). A multiple-model (MM) estimator with a variable structure, called likely-model set (LMS) algorithm, is presented, which is generally applicable to most hybrid estimation problems and is easily implementable. It uses a set of models that are not unlikely to match the system mode in effect at any given time. Different versions of the algorithm are discussed. The model set is made adaptive in the simplest version by deleting all unlikely models and activating all models to which a principal model may jump so as to anticipate the possible system mode transitions. The generality, simplicity, and ease in the design and implementation of the LMS estimator are illustrated via an example of tracking a maneuvering target and an example of fault detection and identification. Comparison of its cost-effectiveness with other fixed- and variable-structure MM estimators is given     

3d过渡金属在L10-TiAl中占位的第一原理计算

采用第一原理赝势平面波方法研究TiAl—X（X为3d过渡金属）超胞合金体系的几何、能量与电子结构。通过计算、比较、分析Ti7A18X与Ti8Al7X超胞的合金形成能,得出3d过渡金属在L10—TiAl合金中的占位情况：合金化元素的外层电子数,特别是外层的d电子数对其在L10-TiAl合金中的占位有非常明显的影响,d电子数较少的前过渡金属Sc、V和Cr主要优先占据Ti原子位,而d电子数较多甚至是满d壳层的Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn则主要优先占据Al原子位。与相关理论研究比较,对Cr元素在L10-TjAl合金中占据情况得出不同结论。对于合金化元素在L10-TiAl合金中占据不同亚点阵的情况,还从电子分波态密度角度,很好地解释了其产生的电子机制。     

高温高应变率耦合对DD407镍基单晶合金的性能影响

为了理解一种新型DD407镍基单晶高温合金在高温高应变率下的力学行为,利用CSS4410型电子万能材料试验机和具有高温高应变率耦合试验功能的Hopkinson压杆系统测试该合金在温度293~1 273K,应变率分别为0.001、1 000及4 000/s条件下的塑性流动特性,并对变形前后的试样进行金相和SEM微观分析。结果表明:DD407合金在高应变率下的使用温度不能超过1 073K;其在压缩情况下的破坏均为剪切破坏;在温度接近或超过某一临界值,该材料的屈服强度和塑性流动应力对温度和应变率才会有很强的敏感性,与常规金属不同,该材料应变时效现象不明显。     

Countermeasures for space radiation induced adverse biologic effects

Radiation exposure in space is expected to increase the risk of cancer and other adverse biological effects in astronauts. The types of space radiation of particular concern for astronaut health are protons and heavy ions known as high atomic number and high energy (HZE) particles. Recent studies have indicated that carcinogenesis induced by protons and HZE particles may be modifiable. We have been evaluating the effects of proton and HZE particle radiation in cultured human cells and animals for nearly a decade. Our results indicate that exposure to proton and HZE particle radiation increases oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, cataract development and malignant transformation in in vivo and/or in vitro experimental systems. We have also shown that these adverse biological effects can be prevented, at least partially, by treatment with antioxidants and some dietary supplements that are readily available and have favorable safety profiles. Some of the antioxidants and dietary supplements are effective in preventing radiation induced malignant transformation in vitro even when applied several days after the radiation exposure. Our recent progress is reviewed and discussed in the context of the relevant literature.