Space-time adaptive processing and adaptive arrays: specialcollection of papers

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) and related adaptive array techniques hold tremendous potential for improving sensor performance by exploiting signal diversity. Such methods have important application in radar, sonar, and communication systems. Recent advances in digital signal processing technology now provide the computational means to field STAP-based systems. The objective of this special collection of papers is to examine the current state-of-the art in STAP technology and explore the remaining obstacles, practical issues and novel techniques required to implement STAP-based radar, sonar or communication systems     

Radio plasma imager simulations and measurements

The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) will be the first-of-its kind instrument designed to use radio wave sounding techniques to perform repetitive remote sensing measurements of electron number density (N _e) structures and the dynamics of the magnetosphere and plasmasphere. RPI will fly on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission to be launched early in the year 2000. The design of the RPI is based on recent advances in radio transmitter and receiver design and modern digital processing techniques perfected for ground-based ionospheric sounding over the last two decades. Free-space electromagnetic waves transmitted by the RPI located in the low-density magnetospheric cavity will be reflected at distant plasma cutoffs. The location and characteristics of the plasma at those remote reflection points can then be derived from measurements of the echo amplitude, phase, delay time, frequency, polarization, Doppler shift, and echo direction. The 500 m tip-to-tip X and Y (spin plane) antennas and 20 m Z axis antenna on RPI will be used to measures echoes coming from distances of several R _E. RPI will operate at frequencies between 3 kHz to 3 MHz and will provide quantitative N _e values from 10^–1 to 10⁵ cm^–3. Ray tracing calculations, combined with specific radio imager instrument characteristics, enables simulations of RPI measurements. These simulations have been performed throughout an IMAGE orbit and under different model magnetospheric conditions. They dramatically show that radio sounding can be used quite successfully to measure a wealth of magnetospheric phenomena such as magnetopause boundary motions and plasmapause dynamics. The radio imaging technique will provide a truly exciting opportunity to study global magnetospheric dynamics in a way that was never before possible.     

The Radio Plasma Imager investigation on the IMAGE spacecraft

Radio plasma imaging uses total reflection of electromagnetic waves from plasmas whose plasma frequencies equal the radio sounding frequency and whose electron density gradients are parallel to the wave normals. The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) has two orthogonal 500-m long dipole antennas in the spin plane for near omni-directional transmission. The third antenna is a 20-m dipole along the spin axis. Echoes from the magnetopause, plasmasphere and cusp will be received with the three orthogonal antennas, allowing the determination of their angle-of-arrival. Thus it will be possible to create image fragments of the reflecting density structures. The instrument can execute a large variety of programmable measuring options at frequencies between 3 kHz and 3 MHz. Tuning of the transmit antennas provides optimum power transfer from the 10 W transmitter to the antennas. The instrument can operate in three active sounding modes: (1) remote sounding to probe magnetospheric boundaries, (2) local (relaxation) sounding to probe the local plasma frequency and scalar magnetic field, and (3) whistler stimulation sounding. In addition, there is a passive mode to record natural emissions, and to determine the local electron density, the scalar magnetic field, and temperature by using a thermal noise spectroscopy technique.     

A Quantitative Analysis of Sea Clutter Decorrelation with Frequency Agility

A brief statement of the sea clutter problem in surface-search radar operation illustrates the need for some form of signal-to-clutter enhancement. Post-detection integration used in the simpler radars is limited by the pulse-to-pulse correlation of the clutter. Analysis of the effect of changing frequency from pulse to pulse leads to an expression for the correlation between pulses in the sequence. Knowing this correlation, the reduction in the fluctuating clutter component produced by integration can be determined. This is described by an equivalent number of independent pulses, Nc. For the particular case of sinusoidal modulation of the transmitted frequency, N6 is computed. The critical dependecne of Nc upon the modulating frequency fm is illustrated by spectrum photographs. Choice of an optimum fm is discussed. The results of computations of N4 for optimum fm are presented as a family of normalized curves. These data permit the tradeoff of the radar parameters against their quantitative effect on radar performance.     

国外在轨制造和装配技术发展现状及启示

在轨制造和装配技术是一项改变航天器研制模式的颠覆性技术.为全面了解国外关于在轨制造和装配技术的发展现状以及研制过程中所面临的挑战等,本文重点调研了欧美航天强国关于在轨制造和装配领域的发展情况,通过对国外目前在轨制造和装配领域科研项目的梳理为突破口,按照应用前景和技术特点将其分为三类:在轨制造、在轨装配和在轨构建;然后,...     

含边界和损伤因素的纺织复合材料细观胞元模型

纺织复合材料的细观力学分析通常以胞元模型为基础,胞元边界条件的合理施加是获得精确分析结果的关键之一。本文以平面机织复合材料为例,讨论了细观胞元的选取和周期边界条件的施加方法,在此基础上建立了二维细观有限元模型,通过与全厚度模型分析结果的比较,研究了周期胞元模型的合理性,特别是边界效应和局部损伤等非周期因素对分析结果的影响,给出了这些因素下胞元边界条件的处理方法。     

对方案有模糊互补偏好关系的模糊多属性决策法

研究了权重为区间数且对方案有模糊互补偏好关系的模糊多属性决策问题.首先,基于模糊互补判断矩阵的主观偏好信息,利用转换函数将决策信息一致化,并建立了目标规划模型.通过求解该模型得到属性的权重,运用加性加权法获得各方案的模糊综合属性值.其次,提出了基于方案的模糊正理想解与其模糊综合属性值相似度的方案排序法.该方法既能充分利用已有的客观信息,又能最大限度地体现决策者的主观意愿,且具有操作简便、易于上机实现的特点.该方法已应用于解决风险投资领域中项目评估问题.     

基于分层式强化学习的移动机器人导航控制

针对未知环境下的移动机器人导航问题,本文提出了一种基于分层式强化学习的混合式控制方法。利用栅格-拓扑相结合的环境表示及地图学习方法,通过分层式强化学习在不同控制层次的扩展设计移动机器人的反应式和慎思式导航控制,实现了全局导航和局部导航控制的协调优化。实验及测试结果证明,该控制方法能实现导航任务的全局优化,避免陷入局部极小,并对未知动态环境具有较强的适应性。     

ADI-FDTD在激励源和完纯导体边界处的精确格式

证明了当采用交替方向隐式时域有限差分法(AD I-FDTD)计算时,完纯导体和激励源处的算法格式与无源空间的算法格式不同,并推导了AD I-FDTD算法在源和完纯导体所在网格处的精确格式。利用常规的FDTD、无源空间的AD I-FDTD以及在源和导体处采用精确格式的AD I-FDTD,分别计算了点源激励的在自由空间传播的二维TE波、TM波垂直入射于金属条带FSS的散射场。计算结果表明,如果计算域中包含导体或激励源,直接采用通常的AD I-FDTD格式会带来很大的计算误差,而采用该精确格式后,计算结果与FDTD的计算结果吻合,从而证明了本文导出的AD I-FDTD在导体和激励源处的精确格式的正确性和使用的必要性。     

The Galaxy Cluster Mass Scale and Its Impact on Cosmological Constraints from the Cluster Population

Space Science Reviews - The QB50 mission is a satellite constellation designed to carry out measurements at between 200–380 km altitude in the ionosphere. The multi-needle Langmuir probe...