New instrumentation for optical measuring of oxygen in gas or dissolved in liquids.

The optical oxygen sensor is a novel device for the determination of oxygen in gases or dissolved in liquids. It is based on the measurement principle of fluorescence quenching, which is completely different from that of polarographic oxygen sensors (today the most widespread devices of oxygen detection). The new instrument offers features and advantages, which render it not only a realistic alternative, but, for specific applications, make it superior to existing electrochemical methods. The system is based on low-cost semiconductor devices (light-emitting diodes, photodiodes, low-cost analogue and digital components) and new LED-compatible oxygen-sensitive membranes. The flow cell of the instrument may be thermostatted and the sensor can be calibrated by a simple two-point calibration procedure. The optical oxygen sensor is particularly suitable for measuring dissolved oxygen in respirometry, since no oxygen is consumed by the device and the signal is independent of sample flowrate or stirring speed. Typical fields of application are monitoring of oxygen in ground and drinking water, in process control in bioreactors and in breath gas and blood gas analysis.     

Injuries to plants from controlled environment contaminants.

The use of controlled environments is subject to problems from contaminants emitted from materials of the system and from plants. Many contaminants are difficult to identify because injurious dosages are very low, there is a lack of information on what compounds injure plants, because species and cultivars differ greatly in their sensitivity to injury and injury symptoms often are not distinctive. Plastics have been shown to emit many different volatile compounds. The compound, di-butyl phthalate, contained in certain flexible plastics, has been shown to be very toxic to plants. Other injuries have been produced by caulking compounds and bonded screening. Paints have been shown to release xylene that is toxic to plants. Steam for humidification can cause problems because of hydroxylamines and other compounds added to steam used for heating to control fungal growth in return lines. Mercury, from broken thermometers is a particular problem in growth chambers because small quantities can collect in cracks and slowly volatilize to slow growth of plants. Plants themselves release large quantities of volatile hydrocarbons, with ethylene being the commonly recognized chemical that can be damaging when allowed to accumulate. People release large quantities of carbon dioxide which can cause variations in the rate of growth of plants. Contaminant problems can be controlled through filtering of the air or ventilation with make-up air, however the potential for problems is always present and careful testing should be undertaken with the particular species and cultivars being grown insure that there are no toxic agents altering growth in each particular controlled environment being utilized.     

概率具有普遍意义

在事物必然的性质、方向和由此决定的活动范围之外,它发生、发展的每一具体变化都是偶然的.为了抓住偶然,就要求助于概率,概率已经成为我们的重要工具.     

砂轮不等分间隙槽的切割方法

在生产实践中总结出一种提高难加工材料磨削效率的方法——将砂轮修成不等分的间隙槽。介绍了将砂轮修成不等分间隙槽的制作过程,以及在生产应用中的使用效果。     

钣金制件表面的相贯线求作方法

本文提出钣金制件表面相贯线求作的新方法。     

An introduction to gravity perception in plants and fungi--a multiplicity of mechanisms.

The origin and subsequent evolution of life on Earth has taken place within an environment of which a 1g gravitational force is a part. Thus, all living organisms accommodate this variable in their structure and function. Evolution has also selected mechanisms to sense gravity which, in consequence, give particular orientations to living process. It is anticipated that the higher the evolutionary status of an organism, the greater the chance that it will possess multiple mechanisms of gravisensing because evolution discards nothing that assists fitness, but only adds to existing processes. A multiplicity of mechanisms permits gravity to participate in a wide range of developmental programmes, such as taxes, morphisms and tropisms, through the action of different sensors and distinct transduction/response pathways.     

图样的知识目标分类与例证性分析

根据教育目标分类学的观点分解课程教学目标，再分别对分解的目标进行例证性分析，能更客观地验证教育目标的实效性和教育过程的可行性。本文通过对图样的知识目标分类与例证性分析，为工程图学教育目标检测做一尝试。     

On adaptive spatial-temporal processing for airborne surveillanceradar systems

Implementing the optimum spatial-temporal (angle-Doppler) processor involves two crucial issues: the selection of processing configurations, and the development of adaptive algorithms which can efficiently approach the performance potential of the selected configuration. Among the three available configurations, the joint-domain, the cascade space-time, and the cascade time-space, this work shows that, in contrast to a popular belief, the detection performance potentials of both cascade configurations can fall far below that of the joint-domain optimum. In addition, this work presents a new adaptive algorithm, called the Joint-Domain Localized Generalized Likelihood Ratio detection (JDL-GLR), which is data efficient i.e., with fast convergence to the joint-domain optimum, as well as computationally efficient, together with such desirable features as the embedded constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) and robustness in non-Gaussian interference     

改进的次时间最优控制

本文在[1][2]基础上进一步探讨了次时间最优控制的改进问题,深入地阐明了次时间最优控制的某些特性后,提出了一个新的改进的设计方法。按照这种方法设计控制系统,不但实用而且可以大幅度提高次时间最优控制的最优性。并用实例比较了各种方法,证明了本文提出的方法的优越性。本文提出的方法应用于工程设计,对于提高系统的最优性是非常有效的。     

Analysis of radiation risk from alpha particle component of solar particle events.

The solar particle events (SPE) will contain a primary alpha particle component, representing a possible increase in the potential risk to astronauts during an SPE over the often studied proton component. We discuss the physical interactions of alpha particles important in describing the transport of these particles through spacecraft and body shielding. Models of light ion reactions are presented and their effects on energy and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra in shielding discussed. We present predictions of particle spectra, dose, and dose equivalent in organs of interest for SPE spectra typical of those occurring in recent solar cycles. The large events of solar cycle 19 are found to have substantial increase in biological risk from alpha particles, including a large increase in secondary neutron production from alpha particle breakup.