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521.
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D. J. McComas E. R. Christian N. A. Schwadron N. Fox J. Westlake F. Allegrini D. N. Baker D. Biesecker M. Bzowski G. Clark C. M. S. Cohen I. Cohen M. A. Dayeh R. Decker G. A. de Nolfo M. I. Desai R. W. Ebert H. A. Elliott H. Fahr P. C. Frisch H. O. Funsten S. A. Fuselier A. Galli A. B. Galvin J. Giacalone M. Gkioulidou F. Guo M. Horanyi P. Isenberg P. Janzen L. M. Kistler K. Korreck M. A. Kubiak H. Kucharek B. A. Larsen R. A. Leske N. Lugaz J. Luhmann W. Matthaeus D. Mitchell E. Moebius K. Ogasawara D. B. Reisenfeld J. D. Richardson C. T. Russell J. M. Sokół H. E. Spence R. Skoug Z. Sternovsky P. Swaczyna J. R. Szalay M. Tokumaru M. E. Wiedenbeck P. Wurz G. P. Zank E. J. Zirnstein 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(8):116
The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) is a revolutionary mission that simultaneously investigates two of the most important overarching issues in Heliophysics today: the acceleration of energetic particles and interaction of the solar wind with the local interstellar medium. While seemingly disparate, these are intimately coupled because particles accelerated in the inner heliosphere play critical roles in the outer heliospheric interaction. Selected by NASA in 2018, IMAP is planned to launch in 2024. The IMAP spacecraft is a simple sun-pointed spinner in orbit about the Sun-Earth L1 point. IMAP’s ten instruments provide a complete and synergistic set of observations to simultaneously dissect the particle injection and acceleration processes at 1 AU while remotely probing the global heliospheric interaction and its response to particle populations generated by these processes. In situ at 1 AU, IMAP provides detailed observations of solar wind electrons and ions; suprathermal, pickup, and energetic ions; and the interplanetary magnetic field. For the outer heliosphere interaction, IMAP provides advanced global observations of the remote plasma and energetic ions over a broad energy range via energetic neutral atom imaging, and precise observations of interstellar neutral atoms penetrating the heliosphere. Complementary observations of interstellar dust and the ultraviolet glow of interstellar neutrals further deepen the physical understanding from IMAP. IMAP also continuously broadcasts vital real-time space weather observations. Finally, IMAP engages the broader Heliophysics community through a variety of innovative opportunities. This paper summarizes the IMAP mission at the start of Phase A development. 相似文献
523.
W.D. Apel J.C. Arteaga L. Bähren K. Bekk M. Bertaina P.L. Biermann J. Blümer H. Bozdog I.M. Brancus P. Buchholz S. Buitink E. Cantoni A. Chiavassa K. Daumiller V. de Souza F. Di Pierro P. Doll M. Ender R. Engel H. Falcke M. Finger D. Fuhrmann H. Gemmeke C. Grupen A. Haungs D. Heck J.R. Hörandel A. Horneffer D. Huber T. Huege P.G. Isar K.-H. Kampert D. Kang O. Krömer J. Kuijpers K. Link P. Łuczak M. Ludwig H.J. Mathes M. Melissas C. Morello S. Nehls J. Oehlschläger N. Palmieri T. Pierog J. Rautenberg H. Rebel M. Roth C. Rühle A. Saftoiu 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
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Geochemistry of Carbonates on Mars: Implications for Climate History and Nature of Aqueous Environments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paul B. Niles David C. Catling Gilles Berger Eric Chassefière Bethany L. Ehlmann Joseph R. Michalski Richard Morris Steven W. Ruff Brad Sutter 《Space Science Reviews》2013,174(1-4):301-328
Ongoing research on martian meteorites and a new set of observations of carbonate minerals provided by an unprecedented series of robotic missions to Mars in the past 15 years help define new constraints on the history of martian climate with important crosscutting themes including: the CO2 budget of Mars, the role of Mg-, Fe-rich fluids on Mars, and the interplay between carbonate formation and acidity. Carbonate minerals have now been identified in a wide range of localities on Mars as well as in several martian meteorites. The martian meteorites contain carbonates in low abundances (<1 vol.%) and with a wide range of chemistries. Carbonates have also been identified by remote sensing instruments on orbiting spacecraft in several surface locations as well as in low concentrations (2–5 wt.%) in the martian dust. The Spirit rover also identified an outcrop with 16 to 34 wt.% carbonate material in the Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater that strongly resembled the composition of carbonate found in martian meteorite ALH 84001. Finally, the Phoenix lander identified concentrations of 3–6 wt.% carbonate in the soils of the northern plains. The carbonates discovered to date do not clearly indicate the past presence of a dense Noachian atmosphere, but instead suggest localized hydrothermal aqueous environments with limited water availability that existed primarily in the early to mid-Noachian followed by low levels of carbonate formation from thin films of transient water from the late Noachian to the present. The prevalence of carbonate along with evidence for active carbonate precipitation suggests that a global acidic chemistry is unlikely and a more complex relationship between acidity and carbonate formation is present. 相似文献
526.
V.V. Paznukhov V.G. Galushko B.W. Reinisch 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
A technique for studying ionospheric wavelike phenomena, primarily AGW/TID events, is developed based on the solution of the problem of radio wave propagation in ionospheric plasma disturbed by wavelike processes. A perfectly reflecting surface model is used for representing TIDs propagating at ionospheric heights. This technique is a generalization of the Frequency-and-Angular Sounding (FAS) method developed earlier for oblique TID diagnostics using transmitters of opportunity. Trial measurements were made in November 2003 with two DPS-4 systems at Millstone Hill Observatory, providing experimental validation of the developed method by comparing the results of disturbance diagnostics to those simultaneously obtained with the original (oblique) FAS method. The TID parameters recovered during the November 2003 campaign suggest that the observed disturbances predominately propagated equatorward which likely indicates their sources to be in the auroral region. The equatorward propagating AGW/TIDs are typical for disturbed geomagnetic conditions which were observed during the campaign. Implementation of the generalized FAS technique in the DPS sounder allowed development of a dedicated data acquisition system for ionospheric disturbance diagnostics. Routine measurements with the developed technique using the existing world-wide network of Digisondes (GIRO) will make it possible to conduct large-scale studies of the AGW/TID phenomena. 相似文献
527.
Performance of 10- and 20-target MSE classifiers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Novak L.M. Owirka G.J. Brower W.S. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2000,36(4):1279-1289
MIT Lincoln Laboratory is responsible for developing the ATR (automatic target recognition) system for the DARPA-sponsored SAIP program; the baseline ATR system recognizes 10 GOB (ground order of battle) targets; the enhanced version of SAIP requires the ATR system to recognize 20 GOB targets. This paper presents ATR performance results for 10- and 20-target mean square error (MSE) classifiers using high-resolution SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imagery. 相似文献
528.
D Leugner T Streibel H Rocher G Reitz W Heinrich 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1998,22(4):511-515
Stacks of CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors were mounted inside the MIR-station during the EUROMIR-94-mission. We present LET-spectra determined separately for long range cosmic ray heavy ions and for short range target fragments produced in nuclear interactions of cosmic rays and measured charge distributions for relativistic and stopping particles. 相似文献
529.
530.
Exponential mixture probability density functions (pdfs) are shown to be useful models of radar sea clutter. The variability of certain parameters leads to estimation error and degradation in the performance of detection algorithms derived from this model. Robust implementations are introduced by assuming that parameters are known within certain intervals and selecting values to prevent an excessive number of false alarms. An empirical study demonstrates an average 6-9 dB gain in comparison with a constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) processor 相似文献