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31.
Victor U.J. Nwankwo Sandip K. Chakrabarti 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2018,61(7):1880-1889
We study the effects of space weather on the ionosphere and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites’ orbital trajectory in equatorial, low- and mid-latitude (EQL, LLT and MLT) regions during (and around) the notable storms of October/November, 2003. We briefly review space weather effects on the thermosphere and ionosphere to demonstrate that such effects are also latitude-dependent and well established. Following the review we simulate the trend in variation of satellite’s orbital radius (r), mean height (h) and orbit decay rate (ODR) during 15 October–14 November 2003 in EQL, LLT and MLT. Nominal atmospheric drag on LEO satellite is usually enhanced by space weather or solar-induced variations in thermospheric temperature and density profile. To separate nominal orbit decay from solar-induced accelerated orbit decay, we compute and ODR in three regimes viz. (i) excluding solar indices (or effect), where and (ii) with mean value of solar indices for the interval, where and and (iii) with actual daily values of solar indices for the interval ( and ODR). For a typical LEO satellite at h?=?450?km, we show that the total decay in r during the period is about 4.20?km, 3.90?km and 3.20?km in EQL, LLT and MLT respectively; the respective nominal decay () is 0.40?km, 0.34?km and 0.22?km, while solar-induced orbital decay () is about 3.80?km, 3.55?km and 2.95?km. h also varied in like manner. The respective nominal is about 13.5?m/day, 11.2?m/day and 7.2?m/day, while solar-induced is about 124.3?m/day, 116.9?m/day and 97.3?m/day. We also show that severe geomagnetic storms can increase ODR by up to 117% (from daily mean value). However, the extent of space weather effects on LEO Satellite’s trajectory significantly depends on the ballistic co-efficient and orbit of the satellite, and phase of solar cycles, intensity and duration of driving (or influencing) solar event. 相似文献
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Wilfinger WW Baker CS Kunze EL Phillips AT Hammerstedt RH 《Journal of spacecraft and rockets》1996,33(1):126-130
Microgravity life-science research requires hardware that can be easily adapted to a variety of experimental designs and working environments. The Biomodule is a patented, computer-controlled fluid-mixing device that can accommodate these diverse requirements. A typical shuttle payload contains eight Biomodules with a total of 64 samples, a sealed containment vessel, and a NASA refrigeration-incubation module. Each Biomodule contains eight gas-permeable Silastic T tubes that are partitioned into three fluid-filled compartments. The fluids can be mixed at any user-specified time. Multiple investigators and complex experimental designs can be easily accommodated with the hardware. During flight, the Biomodules are sealed in a vessel that provides two levels of containment (liquids and gas) and a stable, investigator-controlled experimental environment that includes regulated temperature, internal pressure, humidity, and gas composition. A cell microencapsulation methodology has also been developed to streamline launch-site sample manipulation and accelerate postflight analysis through the use of fluorescent-activated cell sorting. The Biomodule flight hardware and analytical cell encapsulation methodology are ideally suited for temporal, qualitative, or quantitative life-science investigations. 相似文献
34.
M. Friedrich K.D. Baker A. Brekke P.H.G. Dickinson A. Dumbs B. Grandal E.V. Thrane L.G. Smith K.M. Torkar 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(10):81-84
Electron density profiles from ground based and rocket borne measurements are presented which were derived at three sites in northern Scandinavia under various degrees of geophysical disturbance. These data are checked against the instantaneous picture of the ionospheric absorption as observed with the dense riometer network. 相似文献
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M. H. Acuña K. W. Ogilvie D. N. Baker S. A. Curtis D. H. Fairfield W. H. Mish 《Space Science Reviews》1995,71(1-4):5-21
The detailed study of the solar-terrestrial energy chain will be greatly enhanced with the launch and simultaneous operation of several spacecraft during the current decade. These programs are being coordinates in the United States under the umbrella of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP) and include fundamental contributions from Japan (GEOTAIL Program) and Europe (SOHO and CLUSTER Programs). The principal United States contribution to this effort is the Global Geospace Science Program (GGS) described in this overview paper. Two spacecraft, WIND and POLAR, carrying an advanced complement of field, particle and imaging instruments, will conduct investigations of several key regions of geospace. This paper provides a general overview of the science objectives of the missions, the spacecraft orbits and the ground elements that have been developed to process and analyze the instrument observations. 相似文献
37.
Esteban Valencia Victor Hidalgo Devaiah Nalianda Laskaridis Panagiotis Riti Singh 《中国航空学报》2017,30(1)
The performance of propulsion configurations with boundary layer ingestion (BLI) is affected to a large extent by the level of distortion in the inlet flow field. Through flow methods and parallel compressor have been used in the past to calculate the effects of this aerodynamic inte-gration issue on the fan performance;however high-fidelity through flow methods are computation-ally expensive, which limits their use at preliminary design stage. On the other hand, parallel compressor has been developed to assess only circumferential distortion. This paper introduces a discretized semi-empirical performance method, which uses empirical correlations for blade and performance calculations. This tool discretizes the inlet region in radial and circumferential direc-tions enabling the assessment of deterioration in fan performance caused by the combined effect of both distortion patterns. This paper initially studies the accuracy and suitability of the semi-empirical discretized method by comparing its predictions with CFD and experimental data for a baseline case working under distorted and undistorted conditions. Then a test case is examined, which corresponds to the propulsor fan of a distributed propulsion system with BLI. The results obtained from the validation study show a good agreement with the experimental and CFD results under design point conditions. 相似文献
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Discovered in 1958, Earth’s radiation belts persist in being mysterious and unpredictable. This highly dynamic region of near-Earth space provides an important natural laboratory for studying the physics of particle acceleration. Despite the proximity of the radiation belts to Earth, many questions remain about the mechanisms responsible for rapidly energizing particles to relativistic energies there. The importance of understanding the radiation belts continues to grow as society becomes increasingly dependent on spacecraft for navigation, weather forecasting, and more. We review the historical underpinning and observational basis for our current understanding of particle acceleration in the radiation belts. 相似文献
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