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161.
The relation between the lithium abundance observed in Population II stars and the primordial abundance, is still an open question (see Cayrel and Duncan, this meeting). A few recent results are discussed. HIPPARCOS data show that the standard model of stellar evolution can explain the 6Li detection in HD 84937, suggesting a negligible depletion of 7Li. A slope in the Li/Teff relation for Pop II dwarfs and a spread of their Li abundance have been advocated, and both used as arguments in favor of Li depletion. The slope is not confirmed when two other independent temperature scales are used. The Li scatter around the plateau is hardly larger than the scatter predicted from determination errors. Hints from a scatter of Li in subgiants of the globular cluster M92 are not completely conclusive. The determination of more accurate Li abundances in the Pop II stars is an urgent but difficult task, requiring better model atmosphere (better convection treatment) and the help of observational data about Pop II stars (such as long base interferometry). 相似文献
162.
Frequency estimation techniques for high dynamic trajectories 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Vilnrotter V.A. Hinedi S. Kumar R. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1989,25(4):559-577
A comparison is presented of four different estimation techniques applied to the problem of continuously estimating the rapidly varying parameters of a sinusoidal signal, observed in the presence of additive noise. Frequency estimates are emphasized, although phase and/or frequency rate are also estimated by some of the algorithms. These parameters are related to the velocity, position, and acceleration of the maneuvering receiver or transmitter. Estimated performance at low carrier-to-noise ratios and high dynamics is investigated for the purpose of determining the useful operating range of an approximate maximum likelihood estimator, an extended Kalman filter, a cross-product automatic frequency loop and a phase-locked loop. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate performance while tracking a common trajectory exhibiting high dynamics 相似文献
163.
Trunk G.V. Cantrell B.H. Queen F.D. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1974,(5):574-582
The modified generalized sign test processor is a nonparametric, adaptive detector for 2-D search radars. The detector ranks a sample under test with its neighboring samples and integrates (on a pulse-to-pulse basis) the ranks with a two-pole filter. A target is declared when the integrated output exceeds two thresholds. The first threshold is fixed and yields a 10-6 probability of false alarm when the neighboring samples are independent and identically distributed. The second threshold is adaptive and maintains a low false-alarm rate when the integrated neighboring samples are correlated and when there are nonhomogeneities, such as extraneous targets, in the neighboring cells. Using Monte Carlo techniques, probability of false-alarm results, probability of detection curves, and angular accuracy curves have been generated for this detector. The detector was built and PPI photographs are used to indicate the detector's performance when the radar is operated over land clutter. 相似文献
164.
G. Schubert C. C. Counselman III J. Hansen S. S. Limaye G. Pettengill A. Seiff I. I. Shapiro V. E. Suomi F. Taylor L. Travis R. Woo R. E. Young 《Space Science Reviews》1977,20(4):357-387
With the possible exception of the lowest one or two scale heights, the dominant mode of circulation of Venus' atmosphere is a rapid, zonal, retrograde motion. Global albedo variations in the ultraviolet may reflect planetary scale waves propagating relative to the zonal winds. Other special phenomena such as cellular convection in the subsolar region and internal gravity waves generated in the interaction of the zonal circulation with the subsolar disturbance may also be revealed in ultraviolet imagery of the atmosphere. We discuss the contributions of experiments on the Orbiter and Entry Probes of Pioneer Venus toward unravelling the mystery of the planet's global circulation and the role played by waves, instabilities and convection therein. 相似文献
165.
A. G. Yahnin I. V. Despirak A. A. Lubchich B. V. Kozelov N. P. Dmitrieva M. A. Shukhtina H. K Biernat 《Space Science Reviews》2006,122(1-4):97-106
Although the auroral substorm has been long regarded as a manifestation of the magnetospheric substorm, a direct relation
of active auroras to certain magnetospheric processes is still debatable. To investigate the relationship, we combine the
data of the UV imager onboard the Polar satellite with plasma and magnetic field measurements by the Geotail spacecraft. The
poleward edge of the auroral bulge, as determined from the images obtained at the LHBL passband, is found to be conjugated
with the region where the oppositely directed fast plasma flows observed in the near-Earth plasma sheet during substorms are
generated. We conclude that the auroras forming the bulge are due to the near-Earth reconnection process. This implies that
the magnetic flux through the auroral bulge is equal to the flux dissipated in the magnetotail during the substorm. Comparison
of the magnetic flux through the auroral bulge with the magnetic flux accumulated in the tail lobe during the growth phase
shows that these parameters have the comparable values. This is a clear evidence of the loading–unloading scheme of substorm
development. It is shown that the area of the auroral bulge developing during substorm is proportional to the total (magnetic
plus plasma) pressure decrease in the magnetotail. These findings stress the importance of auroral bulge observations for
monitoring of substorm intensity in terms of the magnetic flux and energy dissipation. 相似文献
166.
Ground penetrating radar VIY-2 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Prokhorenko V.P. Ivashchuk V.E. Korsun S.V. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》2005,20(7):16-18
VIY-2 ground penetrating radar (GPR) with unique sounding possibilities and use simplicity is presented at this paper. VIY-2 GPR combines all units (synchronizer, transmitting and receiving modules, powering, and antenna system) into single case. The VIY-2 GPR communicates with computer via standard interface RS232 or USB1.0. Technical solutions utilized by the VIY-2 GPR reduce deployment time and simplify surveying process. The VIY-2 GPR design features and its components interaction are considered at this paper. Some field results are also presented here. The VIY-2 GPR design concept allows reducing the data acquisition time,, optimizing the time-varying gain control function, applying depth-stacking dependence, controlling the surveying window position and interference reducing by pulse repetition frequency randomizing. 相似文献
167.
The results of research in a process of a probe rocket berthing to an asteroid are presented. Control laws were obtained as solutions of three problems, namely berthing considering transient processes in a rocket engine, fastest berthing with regard to fuel consumption and berthing in a scheduled time considering fuel consumption. A program trajectory obtained at solving of the first problem is suitable for mathematical modeling of berthing with the feedback control law and stabilization of angular motion. The solutions of the problems are reduced to simple formulas for controlling parameters calculation in the corresponding structures of control laws. The results can be applied in designing promising space vehicles intended for berthing to other space objects. 相似文献
168.
Yu. V. Klochkov A. P. Nikolaev A. A. Shubovich S. S. Marchenko 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2013,56(4):327-334
In this paper, we present an algorithm for geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis of the shells of revolution. Use is made of the most proper algorithms for vector interpolation of displacements through the nodal unknowns and an efficient algorithm for obtaining the stress-strain increment relation at a step of loading. By comparing the results of analyzing a geometrically nonlinear shell of revolution obtained on the basis of the ANSYS software with the scalar interpolation of displacements with those obtained on the basis of an author-developed finite element, it has been shown that application of the FEM vector displacement interpolation leads to increasing the accuracy of the finite element solutions in analyzing the stress-strain state of the geometrically nonlinear shells. 相似文献
169.
Alexeev Igor I. Belenkaya Elena S. Bobrovnikov Sergey Yu. Kalegaev Vladimir V. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,107(1-2):7-26
A magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar wind flow is constructed using a kinematic approach. It is shown that a phenomenological
conductivity of the solar wind plasma plays a key role in the forming of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) component
normal to the ecliptic plane. This component is mostly important for the magnetospheric dynamics which is controlled by the
solar wind electric field. A simple analytical solution for the problem of the solar wind flow past the magnetosphere is presented.
In this approach the magnetopause and the Earth's bow shock are approximated by the paraboloids of revolution. Superposition
of the effects of the bulk solar wind plasma motion and the magnetic field diffusion results in an incomplete screening of
the IMF by the magnetopause. It is shown that the normal to the magnetopause component of the solar wind magnetic field and
the tangential component of the electric field penetrated into the magnetosphere are determined by the quarter square of the
magnetic Reynolds number. In final, a dynamic model of the magnetospheric magnetic field is constructed. This model can describe
the magnetosphere in the course of the severe magnetic storm. The conditions under which the magnetospheric magnetic flux
structure is unstable and can drive the magnetospheric substorm are discussed. The model calculations are compared with the
observational data for September 24–26, 1998 magnetic storm (Dst
min=−205 nT) and substorm occurred at 02:30 UT on January 10, 1997.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
170.
Frey H.U. Mende S.B. Immel T.J. Gérard J.-C. Hubert B. Habraken S. Spann J. Gladstone G.R. Bisikalo D.V. Shematovich V.I. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,109(1-4):255-283
Direct imaging of the magnetosphere by instruments on the IMAGE spacecraft is supplemented by simultaneous observations of the global aurora in three far ultraviolet (FUV) wavelength bands. The purpose of the multi-wavelength imaging is to study the global auroral particle and energy input from the magnetosphere into the atmosphere. This paper describes the method for quantitative interpretation of FUV measurements. The Wide-Band Imaging Camera (WIC) provides broad band ultraviolet images of the aurora with maximum spatial resolution by imaging the nitrogen lines and bands between 140 and 180 nm wavelength. The Spectrographic Imager (SI), a dual wavelength monochromatic instrument, images both Doppler-shifted Lyman-α emissions produced by precipitating protons, in the SI-12 channel and OI 135.6 nm emissions in the SI-13 channel. From the SI-12 Doppler shifted Lyman-α images it is possible to obtain the precipitating proton flux provided assumptions are made regarding the mean energy of the protons. Knowledge of the proton (flux and energy) component allows the calculation of the contribution produced by protons in the WIC and SI-13 instruments. Comparison of the corrected WIC and SI-13 signals provides a measure of the electron mean energy, which can then be used to determine the electron energy flux. To accomplish this, reliable emission modeling and instrument calibrations are required. In-flight calibration using early-type stars was used to validate the pre-flight laboratory calibrations and determine long-term trends in sensitivity. In general, very reasonable agreement is found between in-situ measurements and remote quantitative determinations. 相似文献