并行工程中下游阶段启动时间的实时确定

在并行工程的实施过程中，上下游阶段交叠形式的不合理安排将会给产品的开发带来不可预见的风险。如何决定各并行阶段的启动时间一直是困扰实施并行工程企业的问题。对于这方面的研究工作目前大多只限于概念模型分析的层面，而没有具体的数学模型。中应用Shannon信息熵量化了上下游阶段的交互信息和系统的有序度，建立了基于多层次模糊综合评判和BP神经网络的动态模型来实时确定下游阶段的启动时间。最后给出了基于PDM的实施框架和该模型的应用实例。     

The Solar Origin of Corotating Interaction Regions and Their Formation in the Inner Heliosphere

Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) form as a consequence of the compression of the solar wind at the interface between fast speed streams and slow streams. Dynamic interaction of solar wind streams is a general feature of the heliospheric medium; when the sources of the solar wind streams are relatively stable, the interaction regions form a pattern which corotates with the Sun. The regions of origin of the high speed solar wind streams have been clearly identified as the coronal holes with their open magnetic field structures. The origin of the slow speed solar wind is less clear; slow streams may well originate from a range of coronal configurations adjacent to, or above magnetically closed structures. This article addresses the coronal origin of the stable pattern of solar wind streams which leads to the formation of CIRs. In particular, coronal models based on photospheric measurements are reviewed; we also examine the observations of kinematic and compositional solar wind features at 1 AU, their appearance in the stream interfaces (SIs) of CIRs, and their relationship to the structure of the solar surface and the inner corona; finally we summarise the Helios observations in the inner heliosphere of CIRs and their precursors to give a link between the optical observations on their solar origin and the in-situ plasma observations at 1 AU after their formation. The most important question that remains to be answered concerning the solar origin of CIRs is related to the origin and morphology of the slow solar wind. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Postbuckling elastoplastic state analysis of three-dimensional bodies taking into account finite strains

A technique for analyzing the stress strain state of elastoplastic bodies taking into account large displacements, rotations, finite strains, and buckling is presented. The step-by-step loading method with formulation of the resolvent variation equation in the current configuration is used. The governing equations for elastoplastic bodies that connect the Jaumann derivative of the Cauchy-Euler stress tensor with the velocity strain are applied. The spatial discretization is based on the finite element method (FEM) in the framework of the polylinear three-dimensional isoparameteric approximation. The numerical solutions of the problems are given.     

Collisional excitation of vinylidene (H2CC)

Though H₂CO, H₂CS, H₂CCC, H₂CCCC, H₂CCO have been identified in cool interstellar molecular clouds, identification of H₂CC is still awaited. To analyze its spectrum, collisional rate coefficients are required. We have calculated collisional rate coefficients for rotational transitions between 23 levels of ortho and para H₂CC for kinetic temperatures 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 K. The scattering problem is analyzed using the computer code MOLSCAT where the colliding partner is He atom. The interaction between H₂CC and He has been calculated with GAUSSIAN 2003. For the interaction potential obtained with GAUSSIAN 2003, MOLSCAT is used to derive the parameters q(L,M,M^′|E)$q(L\text{,}M\text{,}{M}^{\prime }|E)$ as a function of energy E   of the colliding partner. After averaging the parameters q(L,M,M^′|E)$q(L\text{,}M\text{,}{M}^{\prime }|E)$ over a Maxwellian distribution, the parameters Q(L,M,M^′|T)$Q(L\text{,}M\text{,}{M}^{\prime }|T)$ as a function of the kinetic temperature T in the cloud are obtained. Finally, the collisional rate coefficients have been calculated.     

基于图像的测量方法在工业风洞跨声速流测量中的最新进展

风洞中非定常复杂流场的实验研究要求先进的测量技术.基于图像的测量技术中最重要的是测量平面流速度场、平面压强分布、模型位置和变形、模型温度以及定量的高速流可视化等技术.DLR(德国宇航研究院)对这些技术的应用包括从低速流到跨声速流、从增升装置到螺旋桨和旋翼、从弹射装置和水塔储水罐尾迹流旋涡到三角翼上涡破裂现象等的研究.由于跨声速风洞的特殊环境,将基于图像的测量技术用于跨声速流要求专门的技术开发和有经验的科学家.给出了DLR空气动力学和流动技术研究所将基于图像的测量技术应用于跨声速流研究的最新进展.     

Iron-magnesium silicate bioweathering on Earth (and Mars?)

We examined the common, iron-magnesium silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene in basalt and in mantle rocks to determine if they exhibit textures similar to bioweathering textures found in glass. Our results show that weathering in olivine may occur as long, narrow tunnels (1-3 microm in diameter and up to 100 microm long) and as larger irregular galleries, both of which have distinctive characteristics consistent with biological activity. These weathering textures are associated with clay mineral by-products and nucleic acids. We also examined olivine and pyroxene in martian meteorites, some of which experienced preterrestrial aqueous alteration. Some olivines and pyroxenes in the martian meteorite Nakhla were found to contain tunnels that are similar in size and shape to tunnels in terrestrial iron-magnesium silicates that contain nucleic acids. Though the tunnels found in Nakhla are similar to the biosignatures found in terrestrial minerals, their presence cannot be used to prove that the martian alteration features had a biogenic origin. The abundance and wide distribution of olivine and pyroxene on Earth and in the Solar System make bioweathering features in these minerals potentially important new biosignatures that may play a significant role in evaluating whether life ever existed on Mars.     

基于生产成本的作业调度

提出了一个基于净现值的调度指标，该指标充分考虑到影响调度决策的各项费用．如在制品库存费用、机床工时费、直接工人的工资、工件提前或拖期完工造成的损失等。然后以遗传算法为工具，研究了作业调度问题，设计了一种很实用的算法。该算法采用基于工序的编码方法把调度编码成染色体，并通过遗传操作来搜索最佳染色体。解码算法根据工序在染色体中的次序和最短加工时间一紧迫度规则得到调度。仿真结果表明该方法是可行的。并有一定的优越性。     

Elemental Abundances in the Solar Upper Atmosphere Derived by Spectroscopic Means

The composition of the solar photosphere is believed to be uniform. Indeed a quantity that does not vary with solar surface location or with a particular solar feature, i.e., no observational evidence is available to indicate that the photospheric composition near the solar equator is different from the photospheric composition near the solar poles or that the photospheric composition in quiet regions is different from the composition in active regions. In contrast, the composition of the solar upper atmosphere is not well defined. Solar composition work in recent decades has brought the recognition that there are systematic differences between the composition of the corona and the photosphere and revealed evidence for spatial and time variability in the composition of various coronal features. We review the spectroscopic techniques used and the progress that was made in recent years in deriving the plasma compositions of various solar upper atmosphere structures. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electric field measurements in the solar wind,bow shock,magnetosheath, magnetopause,and magnetosphere

Electric field measurements are reported at 11 magnetopause crossings that occurred during a single in-bound ISEE-1 satellite pass near a local time of 1030. In combination with magnetic field data, these measurements show the existence of electric field components tangential to the actual magnetopause in the frame of rest of the magnetopause on every crossing of the current carrying layers associated with the 11 magnetopause traversals. These tangential electric field components were oriented with respect to the magnetopause sheet currents such that there was an electrical power dissipation of between 30 and 110 W km^-2 on 10 of the 11 crossings. These results are in agreement with requirements of reconnection theories. Histograms of the normal electric field components and of the orientation, velocity, and thickness of the current carrying layer are presented. Suggestions of the existence of a parallel electric field in the magnetosheath near the magnetopause and of propagation of large amplitude waves along the magnetopause are also made.