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191.
Jürgen Blum 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(2):52
After 25 years of laboratory research on protoplanetary dust agglomeration, a consistent picture of the various processes that involve colliding dust aggregates has emerged. Besides sticking, bouncing and fragmentation, other effects, like, e.g., erosion or mass transfer, have now been extensively studied. Coagulation simulations consistently show that \(\upmu\mbox{m}\)-sized dust grains can grow to mm- to cm-sized aggregates before they encounter the bouncing barrier, whereas sub-\(\upmu\mbox{m}\)-sized water-ice particles can directly grow to planetesimal sizes. For siliceous materials, other processes have to be responsible for turning the dust aggregates into planetesimals. In this article, these processes are discussed, the physical properties of the emerging dusty or icy planetesimals are presented and compared to empirical evidence from within and without the Solar System. In conclusion, the formation of planetesimals by a gravitational collapse of dust “pebbles” seems the most likely. 相似文献
192.
Karim Douch Hu Wu Christian Schubert Jürgen Müller Franck Pereira dos Santos 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2018,61(5):1307-1323
The prospects of future satellite gravimetry missions to sustain a continuous and improved observation of the gravitational field have stimulated studies of new concepts of space inertial sensors with potentially improved precision and stability. This is in particular the case for cold-atom interferometry (CAI) gradiometry which is the object of this paper. The performance of a specific CAI gradiometer design is studied here in terms of quality of the recovered gravity field through a closed-loop numerical simulation of the measurement and processing workflow. First we show that mapping the time-variable field on a monthly basis would require a noise level below . The mission scenarios are therefore focused on the static field, like GOCE. Second, the stringent requirement on the angular velocity of a one-arm gradiometer, which must not exceed ?rad/s, leads to two possible modes of operation of the CAI gradiometer: the nadir and the quasi-inertial mode. In the nadir mode, which corresponds to the usual Earth-pointing satellite attitude, only the gradient , along the cross-track direction, is measured. In the quasi-inertial mode, the satellite attitude is approximately constant in the inertial reference frame and the 3 diagonal gradients and are measured. Both modes are successively simulated for a 239?km altitude orbit and the error on the recovered gravity models eventually compared to GOCE solutions. We conclude that for the specific CAI gradiometer design assumed in this paper, only the quasi-inertial mode scenario would be able to significantly outperform GOCE results at the cost of technically challenging requirements on the orbit and attitude control. 相似文献
193.
Abstract Various astrophysical events have been suggested as sources of ionizing radiation that, by way of destruction of the ozone layer and the subsequent increase in UVB and deposition of nitrate, could pose a threat to life on Earth. We have investigated whether the nitrate deposition that follows an ionizing event is sufficient to cause an additional stress beyond that of the heightened UVB previously considered. Our results show that, subsequent to the most intense ionization event likely to have occurred in the last billion years, the increase in nitrate concentration in bodies of water would not be sufficient to cause serious additional stress on amphibian populations and may actually provide some benefit by acting as fertilizer. 相似文献
194.
195.
Due to the outstanding brightness of Comet Hale-Bopp measurements of water production rates were possible over a wide range
of heliocentric distances (up to 5 AU). A variety of observing techniques have been used, including radio observations, IR-
and UV-measurements. The H2O-production of a comet is closely connected with the energy balance and the composition of its surface. By comparing measured
and calculated rates it is possible to derive properties of the nucleus. The results of this study demonstrate the importance
of seasonal effects and show that a low thermal conductivity enhances the water production rate. The observations can be matched
with a relatively low, lunar-like thermal conductivity. A lower size limit for the nucleus of Hale-Bopp is derived.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
196.
G. Randall Gladstone Steven C. Persyn John S. Eterno Brandon C. Walther David C. Slater Michael W. Davis Maarten H. Versteeg Kristian B. Persson Michael K. Young Gregory J. Dirks Anthony O. Sawka Jessica Tumlinson Henry Sykes John Beshears Cherie L. Rhoad James P. Cravens Gregory S. Winters Robert A. Klar Walter Lockhart Benjamin M. Piepgrass Thomas K. Greathouse Bradley J. Trantham Philip M. Wilcox Matthew W. Jackson Oswald H. W. Siegmund John V. Vallerga Rick Raffanti Adrian Martin J.-C. Gérard Denis C. Grodent Bertrand Bonfond Benoit Marquet François Denis 《Space Science Reviews》2017,213(1-4):447-473
The ultraviolet spectrograph instrument on the Juno mission (Juno-UVS) is a long-slit imaging spectrograph designed to observe and characterize Jupiter’s far-ultraviolet (FUV) auroral emissions. These observations will be coordinated and correlated with those from Juno’s other remote sensing instruments and used to place in situ measurements made by Juno’s particles and fields instruments into a global context, relating the local data with events occurring in more distant regions of Jupiter’s magnetosphere. Juno-UVS is based on a series of imaging FUV spectrographs currently in flight—the two Alice instruments on the Rosetta and New Horizons missions, and the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. However, Juno-UVS has several important modifications, including (1) a scan mirror (for targeting specific auroral features), (2) extensive shielding (for mitigation of electronics and data quality degradation by energetic particles), and (3) a cross delay line microchannel plate detector (for both faster photon counting and improved spatial resolution). This paper describes the science objectives, design, and initial performance of the Juno-UVS. 相似文献
197.
Thomas Hobiger Jun Amagai Masanori Aida Hideki Narita 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Reflected signals of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) from the sea or land surface can be utilized to deduce and monitor physical and geophysical parameters of the reflecting area. Unlike most other remote sensing techniques, GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) operates as a passive radar that takes advantage from the increasing number of navigation satellites that broadcast their L-band signals. Thereby, most of the GNSS-R receiver architectures are based on dedicated hardware solutions. Software-defined radio (SDR) technology has advanced in the recent years and enabled signal processing in real-time, which makes it an ideal candidate for the realization of a flexible GNSS-R system. Additionally, modern commodity graphic cards, which offer massive parallel computing performances, allow to handle the whole signal processing chain without interfering with the PC’s CPU. Thus, this paper describes a GNSS-R system which has been developed on the principles of software-defined radio supported by General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs), and presents results from initial field tests which confirm the anticipated capability of the system. 相似文献
198.
多输入多输出(MIMO,Multiple-Input Multiple Output)雷达系统采用多天线方式,利用发射信号之间的正交性提高系统性能,但传统的单码序列之间不能满足完全正交(自相关和互相关旁瓣全为0)的特性,影响了系统性能.针对上述问题,结合完全互补序列的特点,推导了完全互补序列模糊函数的数学表达式,进行了相应的计算机仿真,仿真结果充分验证了模糊函数的有效性;并对基于完全互补序列的雷达速度分辨率进行了分析.另外,研究了完全互补序列在MIMO雷达中的应用问题,并建立基于完全互补序列的MIMO雷达信号模型,结果表明:完全互补序列在MIMO雷达中具有很好的应用前景,同时验证了完全互补序列在MIMO雷达应用中的合理性和正确性. 相似文献
199.
本文对影响γ-TiAl金属间化合物的室温脆性的因素从晶体结构尺寸、合金成分、变形位错、电子结构等四个方面进行了比较全面的阐述,得出结论:空间电荷的均匀分布有利于γ-TiAl合金室温塑性的改善。 相似文献
200.