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81.
82.
J. G. Luhmann D. W. Curtis P. Schroeder J. McCauley R. P. Lin D. E. Larson S. D. Bale J.-A. Sauvaud C. Aoustin R. A. Mewaldt A. C. Cummings E. C. Stone A. J. Davis W. R. Cook B. Kecman M. E. Wiedenbeck T. von Rosenvinge M. H. Acuna L. S. Reichenthal S. Shuman K. A. Wortman D. V. Reames R. Mueller-Mellin H. Kunow G. M. Mason P. Walpole A. Korth T. R. Sanderson C. T. Russell J. T. Gosling 《Space Science Reviews》2008,136(1-4):117-184
The IMPACT (In situ Measurements of Particles And CME Transients) investigation on the STEREO mission was designed and developed to provide multipoint solar wind and suprathermal electron, interplanetary magnetic field, and solar energetic particle information required to unravel the nature of coronal mass ejections and their heliospheric consequences. IMPACT consists of seven individual sensors which are packaged into a boom suite, and a SEP suite. This review summarizes the science objectives of IMPACT, the instruments that comprise the IMPACT investigation, the accommodation of IMPACT on the STEREO twin spacecraft, and the overall data products that will flow from the IMPACT measurements. Accompanying papers in this volume of Space Science Reviews highlight the individual sensor technical details and capabilities, STEREO project plans for the use of IMPACT data, and modeling activities for IMPACT (and other STEREO) data interpretation. 相似文献
83.
R. Werner K. Stebel H.G. Hansen U.-P. Hoppe M. Gausa R. Kivi P. von der Gathen Y. Orsolini N. Kilifarska 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The geographic area at high latitudes beyond the polar circle is characterized with long darkness during the winter (polar night) and with a long summertime insolation (polar day). Consequentially, the polar vortex is formed and the surrounding strong polar jet is characterized by a strong potential vorticity gradient representing a horizontal transport barrier. The ozone dynamics of the lower and middle stratosphere is controlled both by chemical destruction processes and transport processes. 相似文献
84.
R. A. Leske R. A. Mewaldt C. M. S. Cohen A. C. Cummings E. C. Stone M. E. Wiedenbeck T. T. von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):335-340
Measurements below several MeV/nucleon from Wind/LEMT and ACE/ULEIS show that elements heavier than Zn (Z=30) can be enhanced by factors of ∼100 to 1000, depending on species, in 3He-rich solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Using the Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) on ACE we find that even large SEP
(LSEP) shock-accelerated events at energies from ∼10 to >100 MeV/nucleon are often very iron rich and might contain admixtures
of flare seed material. Studies of ultra-heavy (UH) SEPs (with Z>30) above 10 MeV/nucleon can be used to test models of acceleration and abundance enhancements in both LSEP and 3He-rich events. We find that the long-term average composition for elements from Z=30 to 40 is similar to standard solar system values, but there is considerable event-to-event variability. Although most
of the UH fluence arrives during LSEP events, UH abundances are relatively more enhanced in 3He-rich events, with the (34<Z<40)/O ratio on average more than 50 times higher in 3He-rich events than in LSEP events. At energies >10 MeV/nucleon, the most extreme event in terms of UH composition detected
so far took place on 23 July 2004 and had a (34<Z<40)/O enhancement of ∼250–300 times the standard solar value. 相似文献
85.
R.A. Mewaldt N.E. Yanasak M.E. Wiedenbeck A.J. Davis W.R. Binns E.R. Christian A.C. Cummings P.L. Hink R.A. Leske S.M. Niebur E.C. Stone T.T. Von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》2001,99(1-4):27-39
There are a number of radioactive clocks in the cosmic radiation that can be used to measure the time scales for cosmic ray processes in the Galaxy. With high-resolution isotope measurements available from ACE it is now possible to read these clocks with greatly improved accuracy and address key questions about the origin and lifetime of cosmic rays. This paper discusses the status of three such investigations. 相似文献
86.
Space Science Reviews - 相似文献
87.
S Franck W von Bloh C Bounama M Steffen D Schonberner H J Schellnhuber 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,28(4):695-700
We present a general modeling scheme for investigating the possibility of photosynthesis-based life on extrasolar planets. The scheme focuses on the identification of the habitable zone in main-sequence-star planetary systems with planets of Earth mass and size. Our definition of habitability is based on the long-term possibility of photosynthetic biomass production as a function of mean planetary surface temperature and atmospheric CO2-content. All the astrophysical, climatological, biogeochemical, and geodynamic key processes involved in the generation of photosynthesis-driven life conditions are taken into account. Implicitly, a co-genetic origin of the central star and the orbiting planet is assumed. The numerical solution of an advanced geodynamic model yields realistic look-up diagrams for determining the limits of photosynthesis in extrasolar planetary systems, assuming minimum CO2 levels set by the demand of C4 photosynthesis. 相似文献
88.
M. E. Wiedenbeck W. R. Binns A. C. Cummings A. J. Davis G. A. de Nolfo M. H. Israel R. A. Leske R. A. Mewaldt E. C. Stone T. T. von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):415-429
The galactic cosmic rays arriving near Earth, which include both stable and long-lived nuclides from throughout the periodic
table, consist of a mix of stellar nucleosynthesis products accelerated by shocks in the interstellar medium (ISM) and fragmentation
products made by high-energy collisions during propagation through the ISM. Through the study of the composition and spectra
of a variety of elements and isotopes in this diverse sample, models have been developed for the origin, acceleration, and
transport of galactic cosmic rays. We present an overview of the current understanding of these topics emphasizing the insights
that have been gained through investigations in the charge and energy ranges Z≲30 and E/M≲1 GeV/nuc, and particularly those using data obtained from the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer on NASA’s Advanced Composition
Explorer mission. 相似文献
89.
90.
Stone E.C. Cohen C.M.S. Cook W.R. Cummings A.C. Gauld B. Kecman B. Leske R.A. Mewaldt R.A. Thayer M.R. Dougherty B.L. Grumm R.L. Milliken B.D. Radocinski R.G. Wiedenbeck M.E. Christian E.R. Shuman S. Trexel H. von Rosenvinge T.T. Binns W.R. Crary D.J. Dowkontt P. Epstein J. Hink P.L. Klarmann J. Lijowski M. Olevitch M.A. 《Space Science Reviews》1998,86(1-4):285-356
The Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer is designed to cover the highest decade of the Advanced Composition Explorer's energy
interval, from ∼50 to ∼500 MeV nucl−1, with isotopic resolution for elements from Z≃2 to Z≃30. The nuclei detected in this
energy interval are predominantly cosmic rays originating in our Galaxy. This sample of galactic matter can be used to investigate
the nucleosynthesis of the parent material, as well as fractionation, acceleration, and transport processes that these particles
undergo in the Galaxy and in the interplanetary medium.
Charge and mass identification with CRIS is based on multiple measurements of dE/dx and total energy in stacks of silicon
detectors, and trajectory measurements in a scintillating optical fiber trajectory (SOFT) hodoscope. The instrument has a
geometrical factor of ∼r250 cm2 sr for isotope measurements, and should accumulate ∼5×106 stopping heavy nuclei (Z>2) in two
years of data collection under solar minimum conditions.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献