The feasibility of Doppler monitoring during EVA

During extravehicular activities (EVA) outside the spacecraft, astronauts have to work under reduced pressure in a space suit. This pressure reduction induces the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) by the formation of gas bubbles from excess nitrogen dissolved in the organism by breathing air at normal pressure. Under laboratory conditions the gas bubbles moving in the blood stream can be detected by the non-invasive ultrasonic Doppler method. By early detection of excessive bubble formation the development of DCS symptoms may be prevented by early application of preventative measures. The method could also be useful when applied in the space suit in order to compare the results of laboratory tests with operational results, because there is a discrepancy according to the DCS risk of laboratory experiments and actual EVA missions, where no symptoms have been reported yet. A prototype Doppler sensor has been developed and implemented in the Russian Orlan suit. To investigate the feasibility of this method under simulated space conditions, the equipment has been used in a series of 12 thermovacuum chamber tests with suited subjects, where intravenous bubble formation was compared to unsuited control experiments. In more than 50% of the suited tests good Doppler recordings could be achieved. In some cases with unsatisfying results the signal could be improved by breathholding. Although the results do not yet allow any conclusion about a possible difference between suited and unsuited subjects due to the small number of tests performed, the method proved its feasibility for use in EVA suits and should be further developed to enhance the safety of EVA procedures.     

美海军舰队的电子战模拟部队

为了训练美军舰只,对付苏联“威胁”,美海军于1968年组建了电子战模拟部队——舰队电子战支援大队。目前该大队有两支飞机中队,两支地面部队,拥有近30架电子战飞机,8辆电子战设备车。该大队参加过海军的各类军事演习,并在美军战术战略活动中发挥着越来越大的作用。本文概要地介绍了电子战模拟部队的历史演变、组织训练和武器装备情况,可供有关人员参考。     

红外空间观测卫星

已获欧空局资助的红外空间观测卫星(ISO)将使天文学家在2.5～200μm的波长范围内以前所未有的灵敏度更详尽地探测从太阳系到遥远的银河系以外的天体。卫星主要由一台大型液氦低温恒温器,一台主镜直径为60cm的望远镜和4台科学仪器构成。仪器部分包括:成像光偏振计(2.5～200μm)、相机(2.5～17μm)、短波光谱仪(2.5～45μm)及长波光谱仪(45～180μm)。这些仪器将由欧空局联合研究机构研制。然后交付欧空局使用。ISO定于1995年发射,工作寿命达18个月以上。作为天文观测卫星,其观测时间的三分之二将供天文研究机构使用。     

The Urey instrument: an advanced in situ organic and oxidant detector for Mars exploration

The Urey organic and oxidant detector consists of a suite of instruments designed to search for several classes of organic molecules in the martian regolith and ascertain whether these compounds were produced by biotic or abiotic processes using chirality measurements. These experiments will also determine the chemical stability of organic molecules within the host regolith based on the presence and chemical reactivity of surface and atmospheric oxidants. Urey has been selected for the Pasteur payload on the European Space Agency's (ESA's) upcoming 2013 ExoMars rover mission. The diverse and effective capabilities of Urey make it an integral part of the payload and will help to achieve a large portion of the mission's primary scientific objective: "to search for signs of past and present life on Mars." This instrument is named in honor of Harold Urey for his seminal contributions to the fields of cosmochemistry and the origin of life.     

可缩放的多功能有源相控阵：从概念到实施

最近重组到EDA（欧洲防务司）的WEAG（西欧武装集团）曾提出SMRF（可缩放多功能射频系统）概念。本文介绍了它衍生出来的概念，即SMRF—APAS（可缩放多功能射频．有源相控阵系统）概念。本文将SMRF—APAS概念推导出的成本／效率与没有采用可缩放技术的有源相控阵系统的成本／效率进行了比较。特别对SMRF．APAS方案和常规方案的非经常性成本（即雷达设计成本）和经常性成本（即雷达构成成本）进行了比较。可以发现，由于采用SMRF—APAS概念，非经常性成本减少约80％，经常性成本减少约40％。这种成本的降低越来越与引入这些正在研究的新技术有关。     

具有最低旁瓣电平和使用粒子群优化算法控制零陷的线性阵几何综合

描述了具有最低旁瓣电平和使用粒子群优化算法（PSO）控制零陷的线性阵几何综合方法。PSO是一种最新开发的高性能优化算法，它能解决一般的N维线性和非线性优化问题。与遗传算法和模拟退火等其他进化算法相比，PSO算法更易于理解和实现，并且要求最少的数学预处理。针对以旁瓣抑制（SLL）和／或在特定方向放置零陷为目标的优化问题，首先提出了阵列几何综合的公式，然后运用PSO算法来解决单元的位置优化问题。最后给出了3个PSO算法应用的设计实例，且每个实例中的优化目标都易于实现。通过与使用二次规划方法（QPM）获得的结果相比较，验证了PSO算法结果的有效性。     

Analysis of the pre-flight and post-flight calibration procedures performed on the Liulin space radiation dosimeter

Liulin, a dosimetry-radiometry system, was developed to satisfy the requirements for active flux and dose rate measurements for the flight of the second Bulgarian cosmonaut in 1988. The system consists of a compact battery-operated silicon solid state detector unit and a read/write microcomputer and telemetry unit. We describe the pre-flight calibrations with charged particles, using radioactive sources and accelerated 170 MeV/nucleon proton and alpha particles at the Dubna, Russia cyclotron. We discuss comparisons with data obtained on Mir with the French-built tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA. Lastly, we describe post-flight calibrations performed with 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions at the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS accelerator, where the instrument was mounted in tandem with several thin position-sensitive silicon detectors behind a stopping target. The silicon detectors provided an energy spectrum for the surviving charged nuclear fragments for which the flux and absorbed dose were recorded by Liulin.     

Interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis: an experimental demonstration of a selective dispersal filter in planetary island biogeography

We launched a cryptoendolithic habitat, made of a gneissic impactite inoculated with Chroococcidiopsis sp., into Earth orbit. After orbiting the Earth for 16 days, the rock entered the Earth's atmosphere and was recovered in Kazakhstan. The heat of entry ablated and heated the rock to a temperature well above the upper temperature limit for life to below the depth at which light levels are insufficient for photosynthetic organisms ( approximately 5 mm), thus killing all of its photosynthetic inhabitants. This experiment shows that atmospheric transit acts as a strong biogeographical dispersal filter to the interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis. Following atmospheric entry we found that a transparent, glassy fusion crust had formed on the outside of the rock. Re-inoculated Chroococcidiopsis grew preferentially under the fusion crust in the relatively unaltered gneiss beneath. Organisms under the fusion grew approximately twice as fast as the organisms on the control rock. Thus, the biologically destructive effects of atmospheric transit can generate entirely novel and improved endolithic habitats for organisms on the destination planetary body that survive the dispersal filter. The experiment advances our understanding of how island biogeography works on the interplanetary scale.     

美国和欧洲支线航空公司的发展

TheGrowthofRegionalAirlinesintheU．S．A．andCanada编者按：当中国大力发展国内支线运输业之时,回顾世界其他地区支线航空运输业的改革是十分有益的。美国、欧洲及其他地区支线航空公司的发展,在很大程度上是航空业放松管制的结果。低成本、高航班密度的航空运输的需求创造了对小型涡桨支线飞机很高的初期市场需求。随着市场的扩大,支线机队发展为大型、现代化涡桨飞机和支线喷气式飞机并用,支线运营继而扩展到客运量低的长航线。枢纽机场诞生了,主要的大型航空公司通过对支线运输的控制,试图巩固其在枢纽机场的地位。这导致了…