MIDAS – The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System for the Rosetta Mission

The International Rosetta Mission is set for a rendezvous with Comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. On its 10 year journey to the comet, the spacecraft will also perform a fly-by of the two asteroids Stein and Lutetia in 2008 and 2010, respectively. The mission goal is to study the origin of comets, the relationship between cometary and interstellar material and its implications with regard to the origin of the Solar System. Measurements will be performed that shed light into the development of cometary activity and the processes in the surface layer of the nucleus and the inner coma. The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) instrument is an essential element of Rosetta’s scientific payload. It will provide 3D images and statistical parameters of pristine cometary particles in the nm-μm range from Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. According to cometary dust models and experience gained from the Giotto and Vega missions to 1P/Halley, there appears to be an abundance of particles in this size range, which also covers the building blocks of pristine interplanetary dust particles. The dust collector of MIDAS will point at the comet and collect particles drifting outwards from the nucleus surface. MIDAS is based on an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), a type of scanning microprobe able to image small structures in 3D. AFM images provide morphological and statistical information on the dust population, including texture, shape, size and flux. Although the AFM uses proven laboratory technology, MIDAS is its first such application in space. This paper describes the scientific objectives and background, the technical implementation and the capabilities of MIDAS as they stand after the commissioning of the flight instrument, and the implications for cometary measurements.     

From Initial Models of Seismicity,Structure and Noise to Synthetic Seismograms for Mars

The InSight mission will land a single seismic station on Mars in November 2018, and the resultant seismicity catalog will be a key component for studies aiming to understand the interior structure of the planet. Here, we present a preliminary version of the web services that will be used to distribute the event and station metadata in practice, employing synthetic seismograms generated for Mars using a catalog of expected seismicity. Our seismicity catalog consists of 120 events with double-couple source mechanisms only. We also provide Green’s functions databases for a total of 16 structural models, which are constructed to reflect one-dimensional thin (30 km) and thick (80 km) Martian crust with varying seismic wave speeds and densities, combined with two different profiles for temperature and composition for the mantle. Both the Green’s functions databases and the precomputed seismograms are accessible online. These new utilities allow the researchers to either download the precomputed synthetic waveforms directly, or produce customized data sets using any desired source mechanism and event distribution via our servers.

     

Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI)

The Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) is a five telescope package, which has been developed for the Solar Terrestrial Relation Observatory (STEREO) mission by the Naval Research Laboratory (USA), the Lockheed Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (USA), the Goddard Space Flight Center (USA), the University of Birmingham (UK), the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK), the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (Germany), the Centre Spatiale de Leige (Belgium), the Institut d’Optique (France) and the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (France). SECCHI comprises five telescopes, which together image the solar corona from the solar disk to beyond 1 AU. These telescopes are: an extreme ultraviolet imager (EUVI: 1–1.7 R_⊙), two traditional Lyot coronagraphs (COR1: 1.5–4 R_⊙ and COR2: 2.5–15 R_⊙) and two new designs of heliospheric imagers (HI-1: 15–84 R_⊙ and HI-2: 66–318 R_⊙). All the instruments use 2048×2048 pixel CCD arrays in a backside-in mode. The EUVI backside surface has been specially processed for EUV sensitivity, while the others have an anti-reflection coating applied. A multi-tasking operating system, running on a PowerPC CPU, receives commands from the spacecraft, controls the instrument operations, acquires the images and compresses them for downlink through the main science channel (at compression factors typically up to 20×) and also through a low bandwidth channel to be used for space weather forecasting (at compression factors up to 200×). An image compression factor of about 10× enable the collection of images at the rate of about one every 2–3 minutes. Identical instruments, except for different sizes of occulters, are included on the STEREO-A and STEREO-B spacecraft.     

Radiation measurements inside a human phantom aboard the International Space Station using Liulin-5 charged particle telescope

Liulin-5 is a particle telescope developed for the investigation of the radiation environment within the Russian spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the International Space Station (ISS). Liulin-5 experiment is conducted aboard the Russian segment of ISS since 28 June 2007 as an adherent part of the international project MATROSHKA-R. The main objective of Liulin-5 experiment is to study the depth-dose distribution of the different components of the orbital radiation field in a human phantom. Additional objectives are mapping of the radiation environment in the phantom and its variations with time and orbital parameters (such as solar cycle, solar flare events, inclination and altitude). Liulin-5 is an active instrument, capable to provide real-time radiation data for the particle flux and dose rates, energy deposition and LET spectra. Data are recorded automatically on memory cards, periodically transported to ground by returning vehicles. In this report we present some first results from data analysis including energy deposition spectra, absorbed dose, dose rate and flux distribution measured simultaneously at 3 different depths of phantom’s radial channel and linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum. Data discussed are for the period July 2007–April 2008.     

The Marsquake Service: Securing Daily Analysis of SEIS Data and Building the Martian Seismicity Catalogue for InSight

Space Science Reviews - In recent decades, volcanic and cryovolcanic activity on moons within the Solar System has been recognised as an important source of cosmic dust. Two moons, Jupiter’s...     

用DDS方法实现MSK调制

介绍了 MSK信号的特点、转换法产生 MSK信号的原理及直接数字频率合成技术 ,提出了用 AD985 4实现 MSK载波调制的方案。研制了基于 DDS方法的 MSK载波调制器 ,通过实验从几个方面对比了模拟转换法和 DDS方法生成的 MSK信号。结论表明 DDS方法能够替代转换法。     

利用Toeplitz特性改善来波方向估计性能

提出一种利用协方差矩阵的Toeplitz特性,使估计的协方差矩阵成为Toeplitz矩阵的方法,在低信噪比短数据流情况下,改善来波方向(DOA)估计的性能,且不需增加乘法运算量.对MUSIC算法和PRO-ESPRIT算法进行了分析并作了计算机仿真,仿真结果表明:利用Toeplitz特性后,MUSIC算法谱峰幅度增大,波谷相对波峰的深度增加,这将有利于目标的分辨;并可减小低信噪比情况下MUSIC算法和PRO-ESPRIT算法DOA估计的方差.     

The STEREO Mission: An Introduction

The twin STEREO spacecraft were launched on October 26, 2006, at 00:52 UT from Kennedy Space Center aboard a Delta 7925 launch vehicle. After a series of highly eccentric Earth orbits with apogees beyond the moon, each spacecraft used close flybys of the moon to escape into orbits about the Sun near 1 AU. Once in heliospheric orbit, one spacecraft trails Earth while the other leads. As viewed from the Sun, the two spacecraft separate at approximately 44 to 45 degrees per year. The purposes of the STEREO Mission are to understand the causes and mechanisms of coronal mass ejection (CME) initiation and to follow the propagation of CMEs through the inner heliosphere to Earth. Researchers will use STEREO measurements to study the mechanisms and sites of energetic particle acceleration and to develop three-dimensional (3-D) time-dependent models of the magnetic topology, temperature, density and velocity of the solar wind between the Sun and Earth. To accomplish these goals, each STEREO spacecraft is equipped with an almost identical set of optical, radio and in situ particles and fields instruments provided by U.S. and European investigators. The SECCHI suite of instruments includes two white light coronagraphs, an extreme ultraviolet imager and two heliospheric white light imagers which track CMEs out to 1 AU. The IMPACT suite of instruments measures in situ solar wind electrons, energetic electrons, protons and heavier ions. IMPACT also includes a magnetometer to measure the in situ magnetic field strength and direction. The PLASTIC instrument measures the composition of heavy ions in the ambient plasma as well as protons and alpha particles. The S/WAVES instrument uses radio waves to track the location of CME-driven shocks and the 3-D topology of open field lines along which flow particles produced by solar flares. Each of the four instrument packages produce a small real-time stream of selected data for purposes of predicting space weather events at Earth. NOAA forecasters at the Space Environment Center and others will use these data in their space weather forecasting and their resultant products will be widely used throughout the world. In addition to the four instrument teams, there is substantial participation by modeling and theory oriented teams. All STEREO data are freely available through individual Web sites at the four Principal Investigator institutions as well as at the STEREO Science Center located at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.     

基于LSTM的岛礁战场气象环境远程感知技术

复杂的地理环境和海洋环境导致岛礁战场气象环境瞬息万变,直接影响岛礁作战指挥决策和武器装备的作战效能。为了实时准确感知岛礁战场各个点位的气象环境信息,实现指挥平台对岛礁战场气象环境的实时监控和有效预测,文章对远程感知技术和温度预测方法进行了研究,并依托 Labwindows/CVI软件平台开发了一套岛礁战场气象环境远程感知软件,软件可实时感知岛礁战场的多种气象环境数据,并根据 LSTM模型进行温度参数的短时预测。多次实地运行测试证明,软件的设计满足预定需求,温度预测结果与实测结果误差在要求范围内。     

正态云模型雾化性质统计分析

对于超熵较大情况下的正态云模型,说明了云模型雾化过程.通过统计分析云滴离散的整体趋势,说明超熵增大过程中,云滴整体趋于离散.通过分析各论域区间内云滴离散趋势,说明靠近概念核心的云滴的离散速度相对缓慢.归纳云模型雾化性质:在超熵取值持续增大的过程中(HeEn/3),正态云表示的概念的论域范围持续增大,呈雾化状态,但靠近概念核心的论域区间内的云滴不失数量优势.雾化性质适用于建模偏离正态分布、缺乏共识的定量数据,期望表示概念语义值核心,熵描述概念语义的离散程度,超熵表示各种语义的共识程度,扩展了云模型知识表示的应用范围.