Changes in prevalence of subjective fatigue during 14-day 6° head-down bed rest

The present study examines the prevalence of subjective fatigue in young healthy males during 14 days of 6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) by using a multidimensional questionnaire. Forty-one subjects completed the Subjective Fatigue Scale questionnaire to assess the fatigue-related complaints and symptoms. The questionnaire is composed of three sections, with 10 items each. The sections measured drowsiness and dullness (Section 1), difficulty in concentration (Section 2), and the projection of physical disintegration (Section 3). The subjects answered simple questions between 1400 and 1700 on 6 measurement days before and during the HDBR period. The prevalence rate of low back pain was markedly high (80.5%) on the second day and more than 50% in the first half of the HDBR period, and any complaints related to either a lack of sleep or a deterioration in the quality of sleep continued until the end of the HDBR period. Our findings may be useful in developing preventive strategies against physical and mental fatigue associated with prolonged HDBR, horizontal bed rest, and microgravity environments.     

Japanese moon lander SELENE-2—Present status in 2009

JAXA is planning exploration missions to the moon, following upon the Kaguya (SELENE) mission., These missions aim to demonstrate some new technologies, observe the moon scientifically, investigate technical, social and political feasibility of utilizing the moon. For the first step of the missions, the phase A study of SELENE-2 has started from the summer of 2007. This mission will demonstrate the effectiveness of several technologies including precision landing, hazard avoidance, surface mobility, and night survival technologies. In situ geological and geophysical observations will be conducted to improve our knowledge on the origin and the evolution of the moon. Investigating the lunar surface conditions and its potential for in situ resource utilization will provide key information for future human exploration missions. This paper presents the current status of the SELENE-2 mission, its objectives, its design, and other important aspects of its development such as international cooperation.     

NASDA next generation aquatic habitat for Space Shuttle and ISS.

The National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) has more than 20 years of experience developing aquatic animal experiment facilities. We are now studying the next-generation aquatic animal experiment facility or the Aquatic Habitat (AQH) for both Space Shuttle and International Space Station use. A prototype breeding system was designed and tested. Medaka adult fish were able to mate and spawn in this closed circulatory breeding system, and the larvae grew to adult fish and spawned on the 45th day after hatching. The water quality-control system using nitrifying bacteria worked well throughout the medaka breeding test. For amphibians, we also conducted the African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) breeding test with the same specimen chambers, although a part of circulation loop was opened to air. Xenopus larvae grew and completed metamorphosis successfully in the small specimen chamber. The first metamorphic climax started on the 30th day and was completed on the 38th day.     

JUXTA: A new probe of X-ray emission from the Jupiter system

For the future Japanese exploration mission of the Jupiter’s magnetosphere (JMO: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter), a unique instrument named JUXTA (Jupiter X-ray Telescope Array) is being developed. It aims at the first in-situ measurement of X-ray emission associated with Jupiter and its neighborhood. Recent observations with Earth-orbiting satellites have revealed various X-ray emission from the Jupiter system. X-ray sources include Jupiter’s aurorae, disk emission, inner radiation belts, the Galilean satellites and the Io plasma torus. X-ray imaging spectroscopy can be a new probe to reveal rotationally driven activities, particle acceleration and Jupiter–satellite binary system. JUXTA is composed of an ultra-light weight X-ray telescope based on micromachining technology and a radiation-hard semiconductor pixel detector. It covers 0.3–2 keV with the energy resolution of <100 eV at 0.6 keV. Because of proximity to Jupiter (∼30 Jovian radii at periapsis), the image resolution of <5 arcmin and the on-axis effective area of >3 cm² at 0.6 keV allow extremely high photon statistics and high resolution observations.     

Accomplishment of multi-utility spacecraft charging analysis tool (MUSCAT) and its future evolution

(MUSCAT) is a high value computation tool for analyzing spacecraft–plasma interaction, whose typical example is charging–arcing issue, corresponding to spacecrafts in LEO, GEO and PEO. JAXA and Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT) started the development as a joint project in November 2004 and the final version of MUSCAT was released in March 2007. The final version includes many important features to simulate spacecraft–plasma interaction and the features can be separated into four parts. The first part is its GUI named “Vineyard”. By using Vineyard, MUSCAT users can build a satellite model including not only its geometry but also material properties of the surface. As for the second part, MUSCAT includes many kinds of effects derived from space plasma environment as well as electrical functions of spacecraft. For the third part, MUSCAT can work on parallel workstation with multi-CPU. The last feature is that the computation result by MUSCAT was thoroughly validated by experiments in plasma chamber. The numerical result shows very good agreement with the code validation experiment. We also conducted trial computation of charging analysis on Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) with MUSCAT. One purpose of the computation was prediction of charging status of GOSAT for the real satellite design in combination with the ground test. The other is performance assessment of MUSCAT. After the joint project, expansion and maintenance of MUSCAT will be carried out by “MUSCAT Space Engineering Ltd” which is a new enterprise made of the development team. In future we will try to conduct MUSCAT computation for various spacecrafts and also try to add useful function such as 3D CAD compatibility.     

Effectiveness of centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with ergometric exercise as a countermeasure during simulated microgravity exposure in humans

To test the effectiveness of centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with ergometric exercise, 12 healthy young men (20.7 +/- 1.9 yr) were exposed to simulated microgravity for 14 days of -6 degrees head-down bedrest. Half the subjects were randomly selected and loaded 1.2 G artificial gravity with 60 W (four out of six subjects) or 40 W (two out of six subjects) of ergometric workload on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 (CM group). The rest of the subjects served as the control. Anti-G score, defined as the G-load x running time to the endpoint, was significantly elongated by the load of the centrifuge-ergometer. Plasma volume loss was suppressed (-5.0 +/- 2.4 vs. -16.4 +/- 1.9%), and fluid volume shift was prevented by the countermeasure load. Elevated heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity after bedrest were counteracted, and exaggerated response to head-up tilt was also suppressed. Centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with exercise is effective in preventing cardiovascular deconditioning due to microgravity exposure, however, an effective and appropriate regimen (magnitude of G-load and exercise workload) should be determined in future studies.     

Two-dimensional Marangoni and buoyancy convection related to crystal growth techniques in space

The natural convection in the horizontal liquid layer driven both by surface tension gradient and buoyancy was investigated experimentally and theoretically.The fluid motion was visualized by mixing fine flakes of aluminum into the liquid. At the same time, the temperature field was visualized by the Mach-Zehnder interferometry and the local temperature gradient distributions were visualized by making use of the refraction of parallel incident light.The numerical analysis using the Galerkin method was also carried out which agreed well with the experimental results.It was found that the velocity and temperature fields of Marangoni convection were varied depending on the aspect ratio of the liquid layer and on the coupled buoyancy convection.