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81.
Generalized likelihood ratio tests (GLRTs) are derived for the problem of detecting targets in hyperspectral images. These detectors are derived under the assumptions that the signals from the materials in the image mix linearly and that the noise in the system is Gaussian. It is also assumed that the abundances of the signals from the various materials in a pixel must sum to one. This constraint models the fact that the material abundances in a pixel are just the fraction of the pixel that they occupy. Under these assumptions, detectors are derived which outperform the detectors derived without the sum-to-one constraint. 相似文献
82.
E M Nedukha 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,17(6-7):37-45
Space and clinostatic experiments revealed that changes of plant cell wall structure and its function depend on type of tissue and duration of influence. It was shown that clinostat conditions reproduce the part of weightlessness biological effects. It is established that various responses of wall structural-metabolic organization occur at microgravity: changes of cell walls ultrastructure and organelles structure; decrease of synthesis of primary plant cell wall; rearrangements of polysaccharides content. It is shown that mechanisms of plant cell wall changes at microgravity are connected with decrease of cellulose crystallization, activation of pectolytic enzymes and rearrangement of calcium balance of apoplast and cytoplasm. 相似文献
83.
M.J. Burchell L. Kay P.R. Ratcliff 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,17(12):141-145
We present new measurements concerning generation of light flash during hypervelocity impacts. We use iron particles (10−13 to 10−17 kg) with velocities over the range 1 to 42 km/s impacting semi-infinite targets (aluminium and molybdenum). The main results of previous work in the field are found to be reproduced with some slight deviations. For iron projectiles with given mass and velocity the energy of the flash (normalized to mass) is proportional to velocity to the power of 3.5 for aluminium targets and 3.9 for molybdenum targets. The duration of the flash is of order 1 microsecond. Simultaneous measurements of the generation of impact plasma do not change this. The onset of plasma generation of the bulk target material does not affect the total light flash energy. We discuss the duration of the flash compared to a simple calculation of temperature in the target and plasma vs time. 相似文献
84.
Wright R.G. Zgol M. Keeton S. Kirkland L.V. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》2001,16(6):15-19
This paper describes original research efforts in the design, simulation, and development of nanotechnology-based molecular test equipment (MTE). This is a research effort for testing printed circuit boards independent of traditional automatic test equipment (ATE) through the fabrication of MTE within integrated circuits (ICs). The MTE is embedded within the IC substrate and encapsulated within nanoprobes that connect between the surface and the substrate of the IC at various functional areas. A process is followed whereby IC device simulation is performed to assess the electrical, chemical, and structural properties of integrated and adjacent substrate devices. Through this approach the nominal and failed device performance parameters of interest to substrate-based MTE are found. Discussion of the development and application of MTE within IC architectures is provided, including such topics as the effect of substrate composition on the design and realization of MTE, interfaces between MTE and IC devices, and reporting of MTE results to the IC surface and technician. Potential application areas within different device functions will also be identified. A chemical structure diagram is also provided to illustrate the implementation of MTE using discrete device configurations with MTE-augmented logic 相似文献
85.
86.
Aeolian (wind) processes can transport particles over large distances on Mars, leading to the modification or removal of surface features, formation of new landforms, and mantling or burial of surfaces. Erosion of mantling deposits by wind deflation can exhume older surfaces. These processes and their effects on the surface must be taken into account in using impact crater statistics to derive chronologies on Mars. In addition, mapping the locations, relative ages, and orientations of aeolian features can provide insight into Martian weather, climate, and climate history. 相似文献
87.
A flat panel multifunction display (MFD) that offers the size and reliability benefits of liquid crystal display technology while achieving near-CRT display quality is presented. Display generation algorithms that provide exceptional display quality are being implemented in custom VLSI components to minimize MFD size. A high-performance processor converts user-specified display lists to graphics commands used by these components, resulting in high-speed updates of two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. The MFD uses the MIL-STD-1553B data bus for compatibility with virtually all avionics systems. The MFD can generate displays directly from display lists received from the MIL-STD-1553B bus. Complex formats can be stored in the MFD and displayed using parameters from the data bus. The MFD also accepts direct video input and performs special processing on this input to enhance image quality 相似文献
88.
Aiming at a 1-cm Orbit for Low Earth Orbiters: Reduced-Dynamic and Kinematic Precise Orbit Determination 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The computation of high-accuracy orbits is a prerequisite for the success of Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) missions such as CHAMP,
GRACE and GOCE. The mission objectives of these satellites cannot be reached without computing orbits with an accuracy at
the few cm level. Such a level of accuracy might be achieved with the techniques of reduced-dynamic and kinematic precise
orbit determination (POD) assuming continuous Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) by the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Both techniques have reached a high level of maturity and have been successfully applied to missions in the past, for example
to TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P), leading to (sub-)decimeter orbit accuracy. New LEO gravity missions are (to be) equipped with advanced
GPS receivers promising to provide very high quality SST observations thereby opening the possibility for computing cm-level
accuracy orbits. The computation of orbits at this accuracy level does not only require high-quality GPS receivers, but also
advanced and demanding observation preprocessing and correction algorithms. Moreover, sophisticated parameter estimation schemes
need to be adapted and extended to allow the computation of such orbits. Finally, reliable methods need to be employed for
assessing the orbit quality and providing feedback to the different processing steps in the orbit computation process.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
89.
Fisher H.L. Musser K.L. Shuster M.D. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1993,29(1):22-26
Attitude estimation algorithms for the Thrusted Vector Mission which determine attitude based on Sun sensor and very coarse albedo sensor measurements are presented. On the basis of these measurements, it has been demonstrated by comparison with more accurate gyro-based attitude that it is possible to estimate three-axis attitude with an average error per axis of 11 deg. Most of this error is about the Sun direction. Both deterministic quick-look and optimal estimates are examined 相似文献
90.
Khan M.H. Le-Ngoc T. Bhargava V.K. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1985,(4):547-558
Two hybrid schemes of time-frequency resource sharing to increase the rain margin of Ku-and Ka-band satellite systems are proposed. Scheme 1 requires sharing a small pool of bandwidth for adaptive forward error control coding, sharing a small pool of time frame for rate reduction, and sharing a portion of low frequency time-division multiple access (TDMA) back-up frame for downlink transmission to the rain affected stations. Scheme 2 utilizes variable rate modulation and forward error correction, shares a small pool of time frame for rate reduction, and shares a portion of low frequency TDMA back-up frame. Effective usable capacities of the system using these schemes are calculated. Distribution of resources in order to maximize the effective usable capacity is also analyzed. The results obtained are compared with other adaptive schemes. Preliminary analysis shows that the utilized capacity of scheme 1 exceeds 99 percent of the effective usable capacity possible if it never rains for an outage of 0.05 percent and fade margin of 2.5 dB. For scheme 2 similar performance is achievable at a fade margin of 1.5 dB. For higher outage objectives the loss of effective utilized capacity is higher for scheme 2. 相似文献