轮缘封严气流与转子干涉损失机理的数值研究

为了研究涡轮转静盘腔中轮缘封严气流与下游转子的干涉机理和损失机制,在不同封严流量下,针对轮缘封严气流对下游转子气动性能和流场分布的影响进行了数值模拟。结果表明,随着封严流量增加,涡轮级效率不断降低。在轮毂到10%叶高和30%～60%叶高,流量系数增加。封严气流主要通过在转子进口封严出流不同的分布和在通道输运过程中与转子通道二次流的交互作用对转子的气动性能产生影响。同时,封严气流引起下游转子气动性能的降低,存在三个损失机制:一是封严腔体摩擦泵效应减弱,增加了封严出流与主流之间周向速度差所引起的粘性剪切损失;二是不同分布的封严出流造成进气负攻角和堵塞效应,降低了转子的做功能力;三是不同分布的封严出流在输运过程中与转子通道二次流的交互作用,导致了二次流损失加剧。     

基于定部件效率的航空发动机通用性能仿真系统构建

根据飞机设计阶段对航空发动机性能仿真简便、快速和有效的要求,在基于定部件效率的航空发动机性能仿真方法基础上,对航空发动机部件进行通用性建模,并采用面向对象技术构建通用航空发动机性能仿真系统。采用定部件效率模型对航空发动机性能进行仿真,降低了航空发动机性能仿真过程的专业性要求;同时,采用面向对象技术建立通用的航空发动机性能仿真系统,提高了仿真代码的重用性及仿真系统的适用性。利用该仿真系统建立双转子混排涡扇发动机和自由涡轮式单转子涡轮螺旋桨发动机仿真对象模型,并对某型双转子混排涡扇发动机稳态特性进行仿真,验证了仿真系统的有效性。     

航空发动机吞砂试验标准砂与典型沙粒形貌对比分析

航空发动机工作时吸入沙粒会对发动机造成伤害。针对军标中未规定吞砂试验用砂粒的形貌特征问题,提出砂粒形貌特征的统计表述方法——数字图像获取、砂粒圆度(砂粒图片实际面积与其外接圆面积之比)分析、标尺对比与观察统计、振动转换与跟踪、统计指标比较,选取中国南海(海南)、东海(厦门)、腾格里沙漠和塔克拉玛干沙漠等典型地区的沙粒与美国标准砂的形貌特征进行了对比分析。试验表明:利用标准砂进行航空发动机吞砂试验时发动机的损伤最严重,即按照军标要求采用标准砂进行吞砂试验能够保证发动机具有足够的安全裕度。     

复杂凸凹曲率飞机蒙皮充液成形技术研究与应用

随着飞机气动、隐身等性能要求的提高,飞机外形曲率更加异形化,大量应用复杂凸凹曲率蒙皮,传统的拉伸成形方法已经不能完全满足新一代飞机蒙皮加工的要求。基于生产某型号飞机复杂凸凹曲率蒙皮这一背景,介绍了充液成形基本原理及关键技术,利用有限元数值模拟方法,分析板材充液成形过程中液室压力、厚度减薄率、板材失稳及贴胎度的变化规律,优化工艺参数,并且根据数值模拟结果指导工业生产。理论分析和现场实践证明:充液成形技术为复杂凸凹曲率蒙皮零件的制造提供了新的工艺方法,满足新一代飞机的凸凹曲率外形蒙皮的制造要求。     

OSIRIS-REx: Sample Return from Asteroid (101955) Bennu

In May of 2011, NASA selected the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) asteroid sample return mission as the third mission in the New Frontiers program. The other two New Frontiers missions are New Horizons, which explored Pluto during a flyby in July 2015 and is on its way for a flyby of Kuiper Belt object 2014 MU69 on January 1, 2019, and Juno, an orbiting mission that is studying the origin, evolution, and internal structure of Jupiter. The spacecraft departed for near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu aboard an United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 evolved expendable launch vehicle at 7:05 p.m. EDT on September 8, 2016, on a seven-year journey to return samples from Bennu. The spacecraft is on an outbound-cruise trajectory that will result in a rendezvous with Bennu in November 2018. The science instruments on the spacecraft will survey Bennu to measure its physical, geological, and chemical properties, and the team will use these data to select a site on the surface to collect at least 60 g of asteroid regolith. The team will also analyze the remote-sensing data to perform a detailed study of the sample site for context, assess Bennu’s resource potential, refine estimates of its impact probability with Earth, and provide ground-truth data for the extensive astronomical data set collected on this asteroid. The spacecraft will leave Bennu in 2021 and return the sample to the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR) on September 24, 2023.

     

Imaging Plasma Density Structures in the Soft X-Rays Generated by Solar Wind Charge Exchange with Neutrals

Both heliophysics and planetary physics seek to understand the complex nature of the solar wind’s interaction with solar system obstacles like Earth’s magnetosphere, the ionospheres of Venus and Mars, and comets. Studies with this objective are frequently conducted with the help of single or multipoint in situ electromagnetic field and particle observations, guided by the predictions of both local and global numerical simulations, and placed in context by observations from far and extreme ultraviolet (FUV, EUV), hard X-ray, and energetic neutral atom imagers (ENA). Each proposed interaction mechanism (e.g., steady or transient magnetic reconnection, local or global magnetic reconnection, ion pick-up, or the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) generates diagnostic plasma density structures. The significance of each mechanism to the overall interaction (as measured in terms of atmospheric/ionospheric loss at comets, Venus, and Mars or global magnetospheric/ionospheric convection at Earth) remains to be determined but can be evaluated on the basis of how often the density signatures that it generates are observed as a function of solar wind conditions. This paper reviews efforts to image the diagnostic plasma density structures in the soft (low energy, 0.1–2.0 keV) X-rays produced when high charge state solar wind ions exchange electrons with the exospheric neutrals surrounding solar system obstacles.The introduction notes that theory, local, and global simulations predict the characteristics of plasma boundaries such the bow shock and magnetopause (including location, density gradient, and motion) and regions such as the magnetosheath (including density and width) as a function of location, solar wind conditions, and the particular mechanism operating. In situ measurements confirm the existence of time- and spatial-dependent plasma density structures like the bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause/ionopause at Venus, Mars, comets, and the Earth. However, in situ measurements rarely suffice to determine the global extent of these density structures or their global variation as a function of solar wind conditions, except in the form of empirical studies based on observations from many different times and solar wind conditions. Remote sensing observations provide global information about auroral ovals (FUV and hard X-ray), the terrestrial plasmasphere (EUV), and the terrestrial ring current (ENA). ENA instruments with low energy thresholds (\(\sim1~\mbox{keV}\)) have recently been used to obtain important information concerning the magnetosheaths of Venus, Mars, and the Earth. Recent technological developments make these magnetosheaths valuable potential targets for high-cadence wide-field-of-view soft X-ray imagers.Section 2 describes proposed dayside interaction mechanisms, including reconnection, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and other processes in greater detail with an emphasis on the plasma density structures that they generate. It focuses upon the questions that remain as yet unanswered, such as the significance of each proposed interaction mode, which can be determined from its occurrence pattern as a function of location and solar wind conditions. Section 3 outlines the physics underlying the charge exchange generation of soft X-rays. Section 4 lists the background sources (helium focusing cone, planetary, and cosmic) of soft X-rays from which the charge exchange emissions generated by solar wind exchange must be distinguished. With the help of simulations employing state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic models for the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, models for Earth’s exosphere, and knowledge concerning these background emissions, Sect. 5 demonstrates that boundaries and regions such as the bow shock, magnetosheath, magnetopause, and cusps can readily be identified in images of charge exchange emissions. Section 6 reviews observations by (generally narrow) field of view (FOV) astrophysical telescopes that confirm the presence of these emissions at the intensities predicted by the simulations. Section 7 describes the design of a notional wide FOV “lobster-eye” telescope capable of imaging the global interactions and shows how it might be used to extract information concerning the global interaction of the solar wind with solar system obstacles. The conclusion outlines prospects for missions employing such wide FOV imagers.     

基于关系模型的机载导航数据库快速解析生成方法

导航数据库可用于导航计算、导航台自动调谐管理等,是飞行管理系统所必须的数据源。为了能有效提高机载导航数据库的使用、更新及维护效率,大大减少相关工作人员的工作量,提出了一种基于关系模型的机载导航数据库快速解析生成方法,针对ARINC424协议中包含的大量数据对象进行建模,定义出协议中各个对象之间的逻辑关系和约束关系,并对数据结构进行优化,通过中间关系表确立各个数据之间的交叉引用关系,从而实现数据库的快速解析生成。测试结果表明,基于关系模型的机载导航数据库快速解析生成方法能有效提高数据查询效率,降低数据解析和生成的时间消耗,减少数据冗余,使数据库性能更优异。     

基于HHT的航空直流串行电弧特征提取方法

由于飞机内部布线空间有限、电弧故障存在发生时间地点随机以及特征不明显等问题,导致检测困难。本文基于航空270 V高压直流（HVDC）系统开展直流串行电弧故障特征提取方法研究,采用希尔伯特黄变换（HHT）提取电弧电流交流分量的时域和频域特征量。选择HHT的固有模态函数IMF5瞬时幅值的峰峰值和标准差作为识别电弧故障的时域特征,与原始信号中提取的时域特征量对比,正常和电弧特征量的区分度更大;选择HHT的固有模态函数IMF1+IMF2、一定频带范围内的瞬时幅值计算得到的谐波功率和作为区分正常和电弧情况的频域特征量。与常用的快速傅里叶变换（FFT）方法相比,HHT三维时频谱能够反映信号的局部特征,HHT方法计算得到的正常和电弧特征量之间的区分度更大,电弧和正常特征量的比值最高可达346。基于HHT的电弧故障特征提取方法能够更好地区分正常和电弧情况,有助于提高电弧故障的检测率,降低虚警率,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

光线追踪求交算法的研究及其实现

本文对光线追踪求交算法进行了深入讨论。文中结合形体设计实例说明了此算法的正确性和实用性。     

高效湿法缠绕用环氧树脂配方及其复合材料性能

针对高质固体火箭发动机壳体高效的生产要求对不同官能度环氧树脂复配体系的工艺性进行研究,重点开展了多官能团环氧树脂复配体系配方设计及力学性能研究,分别采用DSC(差示扫描分析)、黏度测试进行固化特征温度、固化反应动力学及工艺适用期研究,并最终制备单向层合板及NOL(the Naval Ordnance Laboratory)环进行复合材料性能的测试分析。研究结果表明:三官能度复配的环氧树脂能满足高效湿法缠绕要求。当三官能度的TDE-85质量分数为25%时,综合性能达到最优,适用期仅为120 min,拉伸强度为973 MPa,弯曲强度为115 MPa,玻璃化转变温度高达466 K,较最低值分别提高363%、159%、258%。该树脂体系与纤维匹配性好,复合材料性能优良,NOL环拉伸强度与层间剪切强度分别为256 GPa、744 MPa,纤维强度利用率达766%,适用于固体火箭发动机湿法缠绕成形。