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851.
Albi E Ambesi-Impiombato FS Peverini M Damaskopoulou E Fontanini E Lazzarini R Curcio F Perrella G 《Astrobiology》2011,11(1):57-64
The aim of this work was to analyze the possible alteration of thyrotropin (TSH) receptors in microgravity, which could explain the absence of thyroid cell proliferation in the space environment. Several forms of the TSH receptor are localized on the plasma membrane associated with caveolae and lipid rafts. The TSH regulates the fluidity of the cell membrane and the presence of its receptors in microdomains that are rich in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. TSH also stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and cell proliferation. Reported here are the results of an experiment in which the FRTL-5 thyroid cell line was exposed to microgravity during the Texus-44 mission (launched February 7, 2008, from Kiruna, Sweden). When the parabolic flight brought the sounding rocket to an altitude of 264?km, the culture media were injected with or without TSH in the different samples, and weightlessness prevailed on board for 6 minutes and 19 seconds. Control experiments were performed, in parallel, in an onboard 1g centrifuge and on the ground in Kiruna laboratory. Cell morphology and function were analyzed. Results show that in microgravity conditions the cells do not respond to TSH treatment and present an irregular shape with condensed chromatin, a modification of the cell membrane with shedding of the TSH receptor in the culture medium, and an increase of sphingomyelin-synthase and Bax proteins. It is possible that real microgravity induces a rearrangement of specific sections of the cell membrane, which act as platforms for molecular receptors, thus influencing thyroid cell function in astronauts during space missions. 相似文献
852.
Hugh S. Hudson 《Space Science Reviews》2011,158(1):5-41
This article broadly reviews our knowledge of solar flares. There is a particular focus on their global properties, as opposed
to the microphysics such as that needed for magnetic reconnection or particle acceleration as such. Indeed solar flares will
always remain in the domain of remote sensing, so we cannot observe the microscales directly and must understand the basic
physics entirely via the global properties plus theoretical inference. The global observables include the general energetics—radiation
in flares and mass loss in coronal mass ejections (CMEs)—and the formation of different kinds of ejection and global wave
disturbance: the type II radio-burst exciter, the Moreton wave, the EIT “wave”, and the “sunquake” acoustic waves in the solar
interior. Flare radiation and CME kinetic energy can have comparable magnitudes, of order 1032 erg each for an X-class event, with the bulk of the radiant energy in the visible-UV continuum. We argue that the impulsive
phase of the flare dominates the energetics of all of these manifestations, and also point out that energy and momentum in
this phase largely reside in the electromagnetic field, not in the observable plasma. 相似文献
853.
Arthur Rizzi Peter Eliasson Tomasz Goetzendorf-Grabowski Jan B. Vos Mengmeng Zhang Thomas S. Richardson 《Progress in Aerospace Sciences》2011,47(8):695-705
CEASIOM is a multidisciplinary software environment for aircraft design that has been developed as part of the European Framework 6 SimSAC project. It closely integrates discipline-specific tools such as those used for CAD, grid generation, CFD, stability analysis and control system design. The environment allows the user to take an initial design from geometry definition and aerodynamics generation through to full six degrees of freedom simulation and analysis. Key capabilities include variable fidelity aerodynamics tools and aeroelasticity modules. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of CEASIOM by presenting the results of a Design, Simulate and Evaluate (DSE) exercise applied to a novel, project specific, transonic cruiser configuration called the TCR. The baseline TCR configuration is first defined using conventional methods, which is then refined and improved within the CEASIOM software environment. A wind tunnel model of this final configuration was then constructed, tested and used to verify the results generated using CEASIOM. 相似文献
854.
The scheme variants of implementing the thermal protection against heat flows being generated by the body of a high-temperature
stationary gas turbine engine (GTE) are presented. The scheme of the experimental bench with a working section is given. Methodical
approaches to the heat transfer calculation at different variants of forced and natural convection organization and under
various operating conditions are described. The generalized results of the experiments carried out using a heat curtain being
generated by porous injection are presented. 相似文献
855.
The results of investigation of dynamic system sensitivity to parametric variations in the channel of flight vehicle lateral
motion are presented using the notion of infinitesimal transformation. The exact relationships establishing a link between
the structure of parameter deviation and that of system phase coordinate deviation are obtained. 相似文献
856.
N.A. Tikhomirova S.A. Ushakova Yu.A. Kudenko I.V. Gribovskaya E.S. Shklavtsova Yu.V. Balnokin L.G. Popova N.A. Myasoedov J.-B. Gros Ch. Lasseur 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
This study addresses the possibility of growing different halophytic plants on mineralized human urine as a way to recycle NaCl from human wastes in a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). Two halophytic plant species were studied: the salt-accumulating Salicornia europaea and the salt-secreting Limonium gmelinii. During the first two weeks, plants were grown on Knop’s solution, then an average daily amount of urine produced by one human, which had been preliminarily mineralized, was gradually added to the experimental solutions. Nutrient solutions simulating urine mineral composition were gradually added to control solutions. NaCl concentrations in the stock solutions added to the experimental and control solutions were 9 g/L in the first treatment and 20 g/L in the second treatment. The mineralized human urine showed some inhibitory effects on S. europaea and L. gmelinii. The biomass yield of experimental plants was lower than that of control ones. If calculated for the same time period (120 d) and area (1 m2), the amount of sodium chloride taken up by S. europaea plants would be 11.7 times larger than the amount taken up by L. gmelinii plants (486 g/m2 vs. 41 g/m2). Thus, S. europaea is the better choice of halophyte for recycling sodium chloride from human wastes in BLSS. 相似文献
857.
D.K. Chakrabarty S.K. Peshin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The Meteorology Department of India has been measuring vertical column density of NO2 at Maitri (70.7°S, 11.7°E), Antarctica since July 1999 using a Mark IV, Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer. Maitri is situated at the south of the Antarctic circle. An analysis of 6 years of data shows that NO2 column has seasonal variation with a maximum value during summer. It is also found that during the period when sun does not set, the NO2 column exhibits a diurnal variation, with a peak around noon and lower values in the morning and afternoon hours. Using a simple steady-state chemical reaction scheme, an attempt has been made to explain these features. 相似文献
858.
A.S. Polyakova N.P. Perevalova 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Ionospheric response to tropical cyclones (TCs) was estimated experimentally on the example of three powerful cyclones – KATRINA (23–31 August 2005), RITA (18–26 September 2005), and WILMA (15–25 October 2005). These TCs were active near the USA Atlantic coast. Investigation was based on Total Electron Content (TEC) data from the international network of two-frequency ground-based GPS receivers and the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data. We studied the spatial–temporal dynamics of wave TEC disturbances over two periods of ranges (02–20 min and 20–60 min). To select the ionospheric disturbances which were most likely to be associated with the cyclones, maps of TEC disturbances were compared with those of meteorological parameters. 相似文献
859.
K. Durga Prasad S.V.S. Murty 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
A Wireless Sensor Network for in situ probing of lunar water/ice is proposed. The mission scenario in single and multi-tier architectures for probing water in a permanently shadowed region of the Moon and different scenarios of exploration are discussed. The ideas presented in the paper are a positive assertion of feasibility for the sensor node hardware, given current levels of technological advancements. 相似文献
860.
P.L. Saranya K. VenkateshD.S.V.V.D. Prasad P.V.S. Rama RaoK. Niranjan 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The pre-storm behavior of NmF2 and TEC over an equatorial station, Trivandrum (8.47°N, 76.91°E, dip 0.6°S) and a low latitude station, Waltair (17.7°N,83.3°E, dip 20°N) has been studied for a total of 18 strong geomagnetic storms with DST ? −100 nT. The simultaneous measurements of GPS-TEC and NmF2 over Trivandrum and Waltair during the period 2000–2005 have been considered for the present study. It is found that there is a substantial increase in NmF2 and TEC before the onset of the storm over Waltair, while the increase is not present at Trivandrum. The origin of pre-storm enhancements in electron density still remains unresolved owing to several conditions in their potential sources and occurrence mechanisms. In the present study an attempt is made to identify the possible mechanisms responsible for such enhancements in electron density of the F-region. 相似文献