The new challenge for space in Russia

The space programme of the former USSR has been in disarray since the disintegration of the Soviet empire and it faces formidable economic and political problems. Attempts are being made, however, to formalize a programme for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and a Russian space agency has been established. A senior Russian scientist here gives his personal view of the past, present and future of his country's space activities. He emphasizes the need to take advantage of new opportunities for cooperation, argues for the lifting of US restrictions on technology transfer and stresses the importance of space technology in monitoring environmental problems. This should remain a top priority.     

The interannual variability of the earth's radiation budget components as observed from space

Based on the 1974–78 NOAA data, characteristic features of the variability of the Earth's radiation budget and its components over the area of the Northern Atlantic have been analyzed. Calculations of the mean square deviation for the ERB and its components have let to the conclusions that anomalous regions of maximum variability may be considered as energy-active zones.     

Earth observation data pricing policy

Pricing policy for Earth observation data continues to be a problem for both supplier organizations and user organizations: there are incompatible or conflicting pricing policies used by different organizations in the Earth observation sector. This paper analyses the issues in Earth observation data pricing in two ways. First, it analyses the policy foundations which underlie Earth observation data pricing, such as return on investment, the basis of pricing policy and access conditions. Second, it presents five policy options for the pricing of Earth observation data, namely free data, marginal cost price, market driven price, two tier pricing and rebalancing of government funding. The paper concludes with an analysis of the forces acting on Earth observation data pricing policy.     

Bayesian approach to retrieval of vertical ozone profile from radiometry data

A technique for retrieving vertical distributions (profiles) of atmospheric gas constituents from data of passive remote sensing of the atmosphere is proposed. The goal of the technique based on the statistical (Bayesian) approach to solution of inverse problems is construction of probability distribution for a sought quantity throughout the interval of the studied heights. It is assumed that initial data contain measurement noise, and a priori information about properties of the profile is used. It is proposed to approximate the sought profile by a function in the form of an artificial neural network. This approximation allows optimal inclusion of a priori information into retrieval procedure, thus ensuring the most effective regularization of the problem. Efficiency of the proposed technique is demonstrated on an example of retrieval of vertical ozone profile from data of ground-based sounding of the atmosphere in the millimeter wavelength range. Results of profile retrieval from model data and from spectra of radiation temperature of the atmosphere measured in the Apatity (67° N, 33° E) in the winter of 2002–2003 are presented.     

Advances in space research nonlinear dependence of Dst and AE indices on the electric field of magnetic clouds

Using the Dst and AE geomagnetic index values and parameters of interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind we have examined the geoeffectiveness of transient ejections in the solar wind, namely, magnetic clouds and high-speed streams. It is found that for magnetic clouds the dependences of indices on the solar wind electric field are nonlinear of different kind. In contrast to magnetic clouds, the dependence of Dst and AE geomagnetic index values on the solar wind electric field agrees closely with the linear one for high-speed streams. We suggest approximating formulas to describe dependences obtained taking into account the relation of the electric field transpolar potential to the electric field and dynamic pressure of the solar wind. We suppose that the interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations also contribute to these dependences.     

失效航天器接管控制技术发展综述

失效航天器接管控制对于实现航天器的在轨延寿、避免有效载荷的浪费、实现有限轨道资源的占位再生和维护太空安全意义重大。本文在系统分析各类失效航天器接管控制手段特征的基础上,按照接管控制过程中是否发生接触现象,将接管控制分为接触式和非接触式两类。随后介绍了各类接管控制手段的特点,归纳了航天器接管控制任务中涉及的关键技术,给出了未来航天器接管控制的智能化和自主化发展方向。本文有望为未来开展失效航天器接管控制任务提供技术参考和依据。     

用2032信号分析系统诊断滚动轴承损伤类故障

本文从理论上提出了用共振解调法诊断滚动轴承损伤类故障时所得包络信号及其频谱图的基本特征,并用2032信号分析系统对滚动轴承实施了共振解调诊断,验证了理论分析的正确性.     

高速公路隔离栅及其它钢网的流化床浸塑工艺

聚乙烯粉末可用于金属耐磨、耐冲击、防腐涂层。本课题采用粉末流化床浸塑技术，在高速公路隔离栅表面涂装一层均匀、致密的聚乙烯涂层，以提高隔离栅的使用寿命。试验主要对涂层性能影响较大的工艺参数，即工件预热温度、空停时间、塑化温度、塑化时间进行了研究，所得的具体参数，为高速公路隔离栅的浸塑自动生产线的设计提供了依据。     

倒立摆系统的运动模态分析

提出倒立摆系统在受控稳定状态下的运动模态概念.通过对倒立摆系统物理结构的分析,归纳出由单电机控制的单倒立摆、二级倒立摆和三级倒立摆系统在受控稳定状态下可能出现的主要运动模态.在以数控方式实现由单电机成功控制单倒立摆、二级倒立摆和三级倒立摆系统稳定的基础上,分析控制倒立摆系统稳定的控制律反馈增益系数与系统稳定运动模态之间存在的关系.在实验中成功实现在线改变倒立摆系统的运动模态.     

Paul R. Weissman,Lucy-Ann McFadden,and Torrence V. Johnson (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Solar System

Space Science Reviews -