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921.
I Block N Freiberger O Gavrilova R Hemmersbach 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,24(6):877-882
Many (if not all) free-living cells use the gravity vector for their spatial orientation (gravitaxis). Additional responses may include gravikinesis as well as changes in morphological and physiological parameters. Though using essentially different modes of locomotion, ameboid and ciliated cells seem to rely on common fundamental graviperception mechanisms. Uniquely in the ciliate family Loxodidae a specialized intracellular gravireceptor organelle has been developed, whereas in all other cells common cell structures seem to be responsible for gravisensing. Changes in direction or magnitude of acceleration (from 0 to 5 g) as well as experiments in density-adjusted media strongly indicate that either the whole cytoplasm or dense organelles like nuclei act as statoliths and open directly or via cytoskeletal elements mechano-sensitive ion channels in the cell membrane. A recent spaceflight experiment (S/MM-06) demonstrated that prolonged (9 d) actual weightlessness did not affect the ability of Loxodes to respond to acceleration stimuli. However, prolonged cooling (> or = l4 d, 4-10 degrees C) destroyed the ability for gravitactic orientation of Paramecium. This may reflect a profound effect either on the gravireceptor itself or on the gravity-signal processing. In gravity signalling the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP may be involved in acceleration-stimulus transduction. 相似文献
922.
The Mars Global Surveyor mission has revealed that localized crustal paleomagnetic anomalies are a common feature of the Southern Hemisphere of Mars. The magnetometer measured small-scale magnetic fields associated with many individual magnetic anomalies have magnitudes ranging from hundreds to thousands nT at altitude above 120 km. That makes Mars globally different from both Venus and Earth. The data collected by Lunar Prospector near the Moon were interpreted as evidence that above regions of inferred strong surface magnetic fields on the Moon the SW flow is deflected, and a small-scale mini-magnetosphere exists under some circumstances. With a factor of 100 stronger magnetic fields at Mars and a lower SW dynamic pressure, those conditions offer the opportunity for a larger size of small `magnetospheres' which can be formed by the crustal magnetic fields. Outside the regions of the magnetic anomalies, the SW/Mars interaction is Venus-like. Thus, at Mars the distinguishing feature of the magnetic field pile-up boundary most likely varies from Venus-like to Earth-like above the crustal magnetic field regions. The observational data regarding the IMF pile-up regions near Venus and the Earth are initially reviewed. As long as the SW/Mars interaction remains like that at Venus, the IMF penetrates deep into the Martian ionosphere under the `overpressure' conditions. Results of numerical simulations and theoretical expectations regarding the temporal evolution of the IMF inside the Venus ionosphere and appearance of superthermal electrons are also reviewed and assessed. 相似文献
923.
The results of a preliminary analysis of microperturbations on the International Space Station during physical exercises of the crew are presented. The goal of this paper is to identify the parameters of perturbations
when physical exercises are performed. The results of measurements by sensors of microaccelerations of both Russian and American
segments during physical exercises in the service module of the Russian segment are analyzed. 相似文献
924.
R J Wassersug M Yamashita 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2000,25(10):2007-2013
Because of their rapid development, amphibians have been important model organisms in studies of how microgravity affects vertebrate growth and differentiation. Both urodele (salamanders) and anuran (frogs and toads) embryos have been raised in orbital flight, the latter several times. The most commonly reported and striking effects of microgravity on tadpoles are not in the vestibular system, as one might suppose, but in their lungs and tails. Pathological changes in these organs disrupt behavior and retard larval growth. What causes malformed (typically lordotic) tadpoles in microgravity is not known, nor have axial pathologies been reported in every flight experiment. Lung pathology, however, has been consistently observed and is understood to result from the failure of the animals to inflate their lungs in a timely and adequate fashion. We suggest that malformities in the axial skeleton of tadpoles raised in microgravity are secondary to problems in respiratory function. We have used high speed videography to investigate how tadpoles breathe air in the 1G environment. The video images reveal alternative species-specific mechanisms, that allow tadpoles to separate air from water in less that 150 ms. We observed nothing in the biomechanics of air-breathing in 1G that would preclude these same mechanisms from working in microgravity. Thus our kinematic results suggest that the failure of tadpoles to inflate their lungs properly in microgravity is due to the tadpoles' inability to locate the air-water interface and not a problem with the inhalation mechanism per se. 相似文献
925.
The paper describes the first results of all-sky polarization measurements of the twilight background started in central Russia in the very beginning of summer 2011. Time-frequency data of the sky intensity and polarization over a wide range of sky point zenith distances are used to separate single and multiple scattering and construct the altitude dependence of the scattering coefficient and polarization in the mesosphere (altitudes from 60 to 90 km) at different angles. The undisturbed structure of the mesosphere without noticeable aerosol stratification on observation days makes it possible to estimate the temperature of the atmosphere at these altitudes. 相似文献
926.
A two-way, noncoherent spacecraft navigation technique has been developed to provide velocity accuracy comparable to that available from a deep space coherent transponder (0.1 mm/s). The technique is compatible with the normal tracking procedures of the Deep Space Network (DSN) ground stations and does not require the use of a highly stable oscillator on-board the spacecraft. The measurement technique, potential error sources, and test results obtained with prototype hardware are described 相似文献
927.
The remote sensing of comets in the ultraviolet bandpass has been a valuable tool for studying the structure, composition,
variability, and physical processes at work in cometary comae. By extension, these studies of comae have revealed key insights
into the composition of cometary nuclei. Here we briefly review the ultraviolet studies of comets, and then take a look toward
the future of such work as anticipated by the advent of several key new instruments.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
928.
Using empirical velocity distributions derived from UVCS and SUMER ultraviolet spectroscopy, we construct theoretical models
of anisotropic ion temperatures in the polar solar corona. The primary energy deposition mechanism we investigate is the dissipation
of high frequency (10-10000 Hz) ion-cyclotron resonant Alfvén waves which can heat and accelerate ions differently depending
on their charge and mass. We find that it is possible to explain the observed high perpendicular temperatures and strong anisotropies
with relatively small amplitudes for the resonant waves. There is suggestive evidence for steepening of the Alfvén wave spectrum
between the coronal base and the largest heights observed spectroscopically. Because the ion-cyclotron wave dissipation is
rapid, even for minor ions like O5+, the observed extended heating seems to demand a constantly replenished population of waves over several solar radii. This
indicates that the waves are generated gradually throughout the wind rather than propagated up from the base of the corona.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
929.
930.
A method is substantiated to ensure energy security for the satellite communication systems (SCS) at a close position of the
radio interception receiver. This is done by lowering the carrier frequency down to f
0 = 60…80 MHz and by applying spaced measurements with n ≥ 4 receiving antennas. 相似文献