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981.
R. Hanel B. Conrath D. Gautier P. Gierasch S. Kumar V. Kunde P. Lowman W. Maguire J. Pearl J. Pirraglia C. Ponnamperuma R. Samuelson 《Space Science Reviews》1977,21(2):129-157
The infrared investigation on Voyager uses two interferometers covering the spectral ranges 60–600 cm–1 (17–170 m) and 1000–7000 cm–1 (1.4–10 m), and a radiometer covering the range 8000–25 000 cm–1 (0.4–1.2 m). Two spectral resolutions (approximately 6.5 and 2.0 cm–1) are available for each of the interferometers. In the middle of the thermal channel (far infrared interferometer) the noise level is equivalent to the signal from a target at 50 K; in the middle of the reflected sunlight channel (near infrared interferometer) the noise level is equivalent to the signal from an object of albedo 0.2 at the distance of Uranus.For planets and satellites with substantial atmospheres, the data will be used to investigate cloud and gas composition (including isotopic ratios), haze scale height, atmospheric vertical thermal structure, local and planetary circulation and dynamics, and planetary energy balance. For satellites with tenuous atmospheres, data will be gathered on surface and atmospheric composition, surface temperature and thermal properties, local and global phase functions, and surface structure. For Saturn's rings, the composition and radial structure, particle size and thermal characteristics will be investigated. Comparative studies of the planets and their satellite systems will be carried out.Paris Observatory.Cornell University.Jet Propulsion Laboratory.University of Maryland. 相似文献
982.
G. K. Parks C. Gurgiolo C. S. Lin K. A. Anderson R. P. Lin F. Martel H. Réme 《Space Science Reviews》1978,22(6):765-776
This article presents some of the new and important particle features that have been detected in the energy range 1 keV to 290 keV by the ISEE-1 and -2 spacecraft near the magnetopause, bow shock, and the interplanetary space. Only examples of data from the first few orbits, when the spacecraft were on the front side, are shown.Paper presented at 13th ESLAB Symposium, Innsbruck, Austria (June 5, 1978). 相似文献
983.
P. J. Christiansen M. P. Gough G. Martelli J. J. Bloch N. Cornilleau J. Etcheto R. Gendrin C. Beghin P. Decreau D. Jones 《Space Science Reviews》1978,22(4):383-400
In this paper we describe and discuss the occurrence of natural wave emissions detected by GEOS-1 at frequencies above the electron gyrofrequency. The bulk of the data presented comes from the first six months of satellite operation and thus concerns mainly dayside phenomena. The paper is arranged as follows:After some general remarks, a classification of the wave phenomena is developed in Section 2, and experimental evidence and morphological information relevant to this classification are contained in Section 3. Section 4 includes some preliminary comments on nightside observations. The results are discussed in Section 5, where it is argued that they can be understood as manifestations of electron cyclotron harmonic (Bernstein) wave emission in a plasma parameter range which has only very recently received any theoretical examinations. This theme is further developed in a comparison paper (Ronnmark et al., 1978). 相似文献
984.
Moore R.K. Claassen J.P. Lin Y.H. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1981,(3):410-421
Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar systems are severely constrained to a narrow swath by ambiguity limitations. Here a vertically scanned-beam synthetic aperture system (SCANSAR) is proposed as a solution to this problem. The potential length of synthetic aperture must be shared between beam positions, so the along-track resolution is poorer; a direct tradeoff exists between resolution and swath width. The length of the real aperture is independently traded against the number of scanning positions. Design curves and equations are presented for spaceborne SCANSARs for altitudes between 400 and 1400 km and inner angles of incidence between 20° and 40°. When the real antenna is approximately square, it may also be used for a microwave radiometer. The combined radiometer and synthetic-aperture (RADISAR) should be useful for those applications where the poorer resolution of the radiometer is useful for some purposes, but the finer resolution of the radar is needed for others. 相似文献
985.
由于随机失谐的存在,实际叶盘通常一定程度地偏离设计值,其动力学特性通常因此而发生较大改变。以某型航空压气机高保真叶盘模型为例,采用失谐叶盘减缩建模方法,对不同阶次激励下的随机失谐叶盘响应特性进行了统计分析。研究表明:叶盘最大响应随着随机失谐值的增大呈先急剧上升后下降并趋于稳定趋势,表现"阀值"效应。此外,将失谐作为设计参数,着重研究了常见的主动失谐叶盘的响应特性,可见主动失谐叶盘相较于同等失谐程度的随机失谐叶盘具有更小的响应幅值。最后,分析了主动失谐叶盘对随机失谐的鲁棒性。 相似文献
986.
E. Hilsenrath M. R. Schoeberl A. R. Douglass P. K. Bhartia J. Barnett R. Beer J. Waters M. Gunson L. Froidevaux J. Gille P. F. Levelt 《Space Science Reviews》2006,125(1-4):417-430
Aura, the last of the large EOS observatories, was launched on July~15, 2004. Aura is designed to make comprehensive stratospheric
and tropospheric composition measurements from its four instruments, HIRDLS, MLS, OMI and TES. These four instruments work
in synergy to provide data on ozone trends, air quality and climate change. The instruments observe in the nadir and limb
and provide the best horizontal and vertical resolution ever achieved from space. After over one year in orbit the instruments
are nearly operational and providing data to the scientific community. We summarize the mission, instruments, and initial
results and give examples of how Aura will provide continuity to earlier chemistry missions. 相似文献
987.
A. Kontogeorgos P. Tsitsipis X. Moussas G. Preka-Papadema A. Hillaris C. Caroubalos C. Alissandrakis J.-L. Bougeret G. Dumas 《Space Science Reviews》2006,122(1-4):169-179
Fine structure of type IV radio solar bursts with a great variety and complexity often give much information in different
ways and enable estimation of various coronal characteristics. In this work, we expose our new method for fine structure revealing
and separation of two basic kinds of type IV fine structure, as fibers and pulsations. We also estimate frequency drift of
fibers from dynamic spectra, clean from continuous background, with a prototype method using 2-D Fourier transform and we
estimate periodicities of fibers as well as pulsations with continuous wavelet transform. Working with the last method we
found periodicities close to 3 min umbral oscillations and 5 min global solar oscillations. 相似文献
988.
R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber N. U. Crooker A. Balogh V. Bothmer R. J. Forsyth P. Gazis J. T. Gosling T. Horbury A. Kilchenmann I. G. Richardson J. D. Richardson P. Riley L. Rodriguez R. von Steiger P. Wurz T. H. Zurbuchen 《Space Science Reviews》2006,123(1-3):177-216
While interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are understood to be the heliospheric counterparts of CMEs, with signatures
undeniably linked to the CME process, the variability of these signatures and questions about mapping to observed CME features
raise issues that remain on the cutting edge of ICME research. These issues are discussed in the context of traditional understanding,
and recent results using innovative analysis techniques are reviewed. 相似文献
989.
T. G. Forbes J. A. Linker J. Chen C. Cid J. Kóta M. A. Lee G. Mann Z. Mikić M. S. Potgieter J. M. Schmidt G. L. Siscoe R. Vainio S. K. Antiochos P. Riley 《Space Science Reviews》2006,123(1-3):251-302
This chapter provides an overview of current efforts in the theory and modeling of CMEs. Five key areas are discussed: (1) CME initiation; (2) CME evolution and propagation; (3) the structure of interplanetary CMEs derived from flux rope modeling; (4) CME shock formation in the inner corona; and (5) particle acceleration and transport at CME driven shocks. In the section on CME initiation three contemporary models are highlighted. Two of these focus on how energy stored in the coronal magnetic field can be released violently to drive CMEs. The third model assumes that CMEs can be directly driven by currents from below the photosphere. CMEs evolve considerably as they expand from the magnetically dominated lower corona into the advectively dominated solar wind. The section on evolution and propagation presents two approaches to the problem. One is primarily analytical and focuses on the key physical processes involved. The other is primarily numerical and illustrates the complexity of possible interactions between the CME and the ambient medium. The section on flux rope fitting reviews the accuracy and reliability of various methods. The section on shock formation considers the effect of the rapid decrease in the magnetic field and plasma density with height. Finally, in the section on particle acceleration and transport, some recent developments in the theory of diffusive particle acceleration at CME shocks are discussed. These include efforts to combine self-consistently the process of particle acceleration in the vicinity of the shock with the subsequent escape and transport of particles to distant regions. 相似文献
990.
J. H. Waite Jr. W. S. Lewis W. T. Kasprzak V. G. Anicich B. P. Block T. E. Cravens G. G. Fletcher W.-H. Ip J. G. Luhmann R. L. Mcnutt H. B. Niemann J. K. Parejko J. E. Richards R. L. Thorpe E. M. Walter R. V. Yelle 《Space Science Reviews》2004,114(1-4):113-231
The Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) investigation will determine the mass composition and number densities of neutral species and low-energy ions in key regions of the Saturn system. The primary focus of the INMS investigation is on the composition and structure of Titan’s upper atmosphere and its interaction with Saturn’s magnetospheric plasma. Of particular interest is the high-altitude region, between 900 and 1000 km, where the methane and nitrogen photochemistry is initiated that leads to the creation of complex hydrocarbons and nitriles that may eventually precipitate onto the moon’s surface to form hydrocarbon–nitrile lakes or oceans. The investigation is also focused on the neutral and plasma environments of Saturn’s ring system and icy moons and on the identification of positive ions and neutral species in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. Measurement of material sputtered from the satellites and the rings by magnetospheric charged particle and micrometeorite bombardment is expected to provide information about the formation of the giant neutral cloud of water molecules and water products that surrounds Saturn out to a distance of ∼12 planetary radii and about the genesis and evolution of the rings.The INMS instrument consists of a closed ion source and an open ion source, various focusing lenses, an electrostatic quadrupole switching lens, a radio frequency quadrupole mass analyzer, two secondary electron multiplier detectors, and the associated supporting electronics and power supply systems. The INMS will be operated in three different modes: a closed source neutral mode, for the measurement of non-reactive neutrals such as N2 and CH4; an open source neutral mode, for reactive neutrals such as atomic nitrogen; and an open source ion mode, for positive ions with energies less than 100 eV. Instrument sensitivity is greatest in the first mode, because the ram pressure of the inflowing gas can be used to enhance the density of the sampled non-reactive neutrals in the closed source antechamber. In this mode, neutral species with concentrations on the order of ≥104 cm−3 will be detected (compared with ≥105 cm−3 in the open source neutral mode). For ions the detection threshold is on the order of 10−2 cm−3 at Titan relative velocity (6 km sec−1). The INMS instrument has a mass range of 1–99 Daltons and a mass resolutionM/ΔM of 100 at 10% of the mass peak height, which will allow detection of heavier hydrocarbon species and of possible cyclic hydrocarbons such as C6H6.The INMS instrument was built by a team of engineers and scientists working at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (Planetary Atmospheres Laboratory) and the University of Michigan (Space Physics Research Laboratory). INMS development and fabrication were directed by Dr. Hasso B. Niemann (Goddard Space Flight Center). The instrument is operated by a Science Team, which is also responsible for data analysis and distribution. The INMS Science Team is led by Dr. J. Hunter Waite, Jr. (University of Michigan).This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date. 相似文献