Leadership for new US strategic directions

Although faced with the new global challenges of terrorism and peer competition, the USA has been slow to adapt its cold war forces, and newer ‘warfighter’ strategy to meet them. Cyberspace and outer space offer the means to do this, via ‘responsive’ microsatellites and low-cost launchers, and broadband internet information and education services. The US military leadership is, however, not well enough versed in these technologies, with senior personnel largely lacking a space or technical background and having little appetite for change. If the USA is successfully to meet current challenges, it must first create a leadership that is technologically capable and philosophically attuned to change.     

Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. space shuttle flights STS-31 and STS-32.

The first microgravity protein crystal growth experiments were performed on Spacelab I by Littke and John. These experiments indicated that the space grown crystals, which were obtained using a liquid-liquid diffusion system, were larger than crystals obtained by the same experimental system on earth. Subsequent experiments were performed by other investigators on a series of space shuttle missions from 1985 through 1990. The results from two of these shuttle flights (STS-26 and STS-29) have been described previously. The results from these missions indicated that the microgravity grown crystals for a number of different proteins were larger, displayed more uniform morphologies, and yielded diffraction data to significantly higher resolutions than the best crystals of these proteins grown on earth. This paper presents the results obtained from shuttle flight STS-32 (flown in January, 1990) and preliminary results from the most recent shuttle flight, STS-31 (flown in April, 1990).     

Five millinewton field emission thruster testing

A compact cluster of two 80-mm-wide emitters has been designed, built and tested. The field emission thruster using this cluster is able to produce thrust in excess of 5 mN at high mass efficiency.     

The Tracking Index: A Generalized Parameter for ? ? ? and ? ? ? ? Target Trackers

A generalized, optimal filtering solution is presented for the target tracking problem. Applying optimal filtering theory to the target tracking problem, the tracking index, a generalized parameter proportional to the ratio of the position uncertainty due to the target maneuverability to that due to the sensor measurement, is found to have a fundamental role not only in the optimal steady-state solution of the stochastic regulation tracking problem, but also in the track initiation process. Depending on the order of the tracking model, the tracking index solution yields a closed form, consistent set of generalized tracking gains, relationships, and performances. Using the tracking index parameter, an initializing and tracking procedure in recursive form, realizes the accuracy of the Kalman filter with an algorithm as simple as the well-known ? ? ? filter or ? ? ? ? ? filter depending on the tracking order.     

Improved representation of the night and twilight E-region critical frequency

Measurement data from the Malvern, UK incoherent-scatter radar are comparedwith differing IRI and CCIR formulations and proposals offered for the way ahead.     

Dielectric properties and microwave remote sensing

The importance of the dielectric properties of earth, ocean and snow surfaces in microwave remote sensing is reviewed. Data on dielectric properties of materials in the microwave frequency range are very scarce and their behaviour is not fully understood. In this paper the need for dielectric properties of ocean and snow surfaces, the earth's surface and subsurface materials is discussed for the quantitative and qualitative interpretation of microwave remote sensing data of developing countries.     

Evolution of a phase separated gravity independent bioreactor.

The evolution of a phase-separated gravity-independent bioreactor is described. The initial prototype, a zero head-space manifold silicone membrane based reactor, maintained large diffusional resistances. Obtaining oxygen transfer rates needed to support carbon-recycling aerobic microbes is impossible if large resistances are maintained. Next generation designs (Mark I and II) mimic heat exchanger design to promote turbulence at the tubing-liquid interface, thereby reducing liquid and gas side diffusional resistances. While oxygen transfer rates increased by a factor of ten, liquid channeling prevented further increases. To overcome these problems, a Mark III reactor was developed which maintains inverted phases, i.e., media flows inside the silicone tubing, oxygen gas is applied external to the tubing. This enhances design through changes in gas side driving force concentration and liquid side turbulence levels. Combining an applied external pressure of four atmospheres with increased Reynolds numbers resulted in oxygen transfer intensities of 232 mmol O2/l/h (1000 times greater than first prototype and comparable to a conventional fermenter). A 1.0 liter Mark III reactor can potentially deliver oxygen supplies necessary to support cell cultures needed to recycle a 10 astronaut carbon load continuously.     

Development of a CELSS bioreactor: oxygen transfer and micromixing in parabolic flight.

The gas exchange portion of a phase-separated loop bioreactor was tested with respect to oxygen mass transfer and micromixing in accelerations of 0.01g, 1g, and 2g. A plot of the overall mass transfer coefficient versus gravity indicates the rate of oxygen transfer does not change as a function of acceleration. Also, it was determined that the micromixing did not exhibit significant changes in the various gravitational fields. These observations indicate the loop bioreactor should function independent of acceleration.     

Latitudinal asymmetry in electron and ion density distribution in southern and northern hemispheres

With data of satellite INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-1300 northern and corresponding southern hemisphere plasma densities have been compared. Southern densities are greater in the ?90 to ?180 and +30 to +120° ranges. The opposite is true for ?60 to +30°. No asymmetry has been observed during daytime. These results are explained by the variations of the magnetic declination.     

A multi-formalisms approach for codesign in the development ofavionics

This paper presents a new approach in the development of avionics at AEROSPATIALE. The approach is based on a selective use of specification languages. Its aim is to compose partial avionics specifications in a unified format which is used for later concurrent hardware/software design steps. A demonstrator of the approach is currently in progress. It deals with the re-design of an avionics on-board system that belongs to the family of AIRBUS A340. The multi-languages specification is achieved through three graphical specification languages: Harel's StateCharts, SDL and SAO. The status of work and future perspectives are outlined