Structural and functional changes in man accompanying the weightlessness in "Skylab" flights: a mathematical approach

The present paper reports a kinetic analysis of changes of some physiological parameters, obtained from international literature, after changes in gravitational environment. The overall phenomenology of the adaptation to weightlessness is characterized by a rapid process followed by a slow one. The two processes show half time values differing by about five times. Also in the case of readaptation to gravity, after recovery on the Earth, two well resolved processes, showing different half time values, are observed. It is of interest to notice that the rate of response to weightlessness is lower than that to gravity. Of course, the half time values observed depend on the different physiological parameters considered. In any case, the experimental data suggest a general trend of many adaptive changes, that may all be described by a simple mathematical model.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

捷联惯导系统中陀螺的初始测漂

本文介绍捷联惯导系统中多个陀螺初始常值漂移的测定和补偿。所谓“常值漂移”是指固定不变的漂移和一部分在各次启动时都不相同的并随时间缓慢变化的“随机常值”。本文采用“双位置(测漂)法”可以测出两个角速度陀螺沿载体系X_b,y_b和z_b测量轴的常值漂移。经过仿真证明,这一方法是完全可行的。     

丁羟弹性体的交联密度

简要介绍了丁羟弹性体交联密度的表征参数、实验方法及其在丁羟推进剂研究中的实际应用。     

微小卫星磁测自主导航方法

本文提出了使用磁测方法实现近地微小卫星自主导航的方法，利用实时地磁场测量数据与根据ＩＧＲＦ计算出的地磁声数据之差作为新息量，使用推广Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波算法确定卫星的位置和速度。给出了三种导航滤波算法。并使用模拟数据和ＭＡＧＳＴＡ卫星实测数据进行了仿真研究，证明了方法的有效性和实用性。     

空间遥控作业系统的自适应无源控制

遥控作业系统是实现空间危险环境中作业的有力手段。由于空间工作站和地面控制站之间的通讯时延，造成了遥控作业系统的不稳定和操作性能的降低。本文利用二端口网络理论，提出了可定量评价系统操作性能的指标函数，并导出操作性能最优（临场感状态）的无源控制算法，同时针对环境的不确定性，给出参数自调节的自适应无源控制器的结构。实验验证了本文提出的无源控制算法的有效性     

航天器振动试验中的动力吸振现象

振动环境试验是考验航天器中各分机力学品质的重要试验,分机适应力学环境的能力在设计阶段必须充分考虑。目前分机的力学环境条件往往是在考虑了一定的安全系数后,以分机安装处界面的加速度包络曲线给出的。然而一般来说,分机振动试验过程中的边界条件与分机实际工作状态的边界条件是不同的。具体地说就是在振动试验过程中分机通过试验转接托架与振动台面相连,实际工作状态是分机安装在安装件(卫星各舱板)上。由于试验转接托架与安装件的动力学特性不一样,根据多自由度弹簧质量阻尼系统的动力吸振原理,可以推出试验状态分机在固有频率处存在过试验现象。为了减少过试验对分机带来的危害,新的试验方法研究(加速度响应限幅控制、阻抗特性模拟法、限力技术等)已成为国内外航天工作者研究的热点。文章详细阐述了振动试验中动力吸振的机理及过试验产生的缘由。     

Precipitating Protons and Their Role in Ionization of the Polar Ionosphere

Spatial distributions of the electron density in the latitude range 60°–90° N were calculated on the basis of a physical model of the E and lower Fregions of the high-latitude ionosphere using statistical models of auroral proton and electron precipitation. It is shown that precipitating protons can play the key role in the ionization of the Eregion in the dusk and midnight sectors of the auroral oval. However, quantitative estimates of the contribution of protons to the ionization depend on the used statistical models of electron precipitation. Comparison of the electron density profiles calculated for two incoherent scatter radars, EISCAT (Tromsö) and ESR (Svalbard), for simultaneous precipitation of electrons and protons and for electron precipitation only show that the influence of protons is the most significant in the dusk sector over the EISCAT radar and in the midnight sector over the ESR radar. The results presented indicate the need to take protons into account when radar data are used to derive precipitating electron spectra.     

The Brazilian scientific microsatellite SACI-1

The National Space Research Institute (INPE) is developing the first Brazilian Scientific Microsatellite (SACI-1) based on the vanguard technology and on the experience acquired through projects developed by Brazilian Space Program. The SACI-1 is a 750km polar orbit satellite. The spacecraft will combine spin stabilization with geomagnetic control and has a total mass of 60 kg. The overall dimensions are 640×470×470 mm. The SACI-1 satellite shall be launched together with CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite). Its platform is being designed for multiple mission applications. The Brazilian Academy of Sciences has selected four scientific payloads that characterize the mission. The scientific experiments are: ORCAS (Solar and Anomalous Cosmic Rays Observation in the Magnetosphere), PLASMEX (Study of Plasma Bubbles), FOTSAT (Airglow Photometer), and MAGNEX (Geomagnetic Experiment).     

运载火箭增压输送系统启动过程的数字仿真研究

应用现代计算机仿真技术，在大量发动机试车数据和长征火箭各型号飞行遥测数据等的分析、统计基础上，建立新的增压输送系统启动过程的数学模型，进行了数字仿真研究。计算结果与各型号的飞行遥测相一致，大大减少了理论计算的误差，提高了增压计算的精确度，具有实际的意义。