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401.
P G Vekilov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,24(10):1231-1240
Protein crystals, grown under reduced gravity conditions, are either superior or inferior in their structural perfection than their Earth-grown counterparts. A reduction of the crystals' quality due to low-gravity effects on the growth processes cannot be understood from existing models. In this paper we put forth a rationale which predicts either advantages or disadvantages of microgravity growth. This rationale is based on the changes in the effective solute and impurity supply rates in microgravity and their effects on the intrinsic growth rate fluctuations that arise from the coupling of bulk transport to nonlinear interfacial kinetics and cause severe inhomogeneities. Depending on the specific diffusivity and kinetic coefficient of a protein and the impurities in the solution, either transport enhancement through forced flow or transport suppression under reduced gravity can result in a reduction of the kinetic fluctuations and, thus, growth with higher structural perfection. Investigating this mechanism of microgravity effects, we first demonstrate a one-to-one correspondence between these fluctuations, that are due to the bunching of growth steps, and the formation of defects in the crystals. We have confirmed the forced flow aspects of this rationale in ground-based experiments with lysozyme utilizing flowing solutions with varying, well characterized impurity contents. 相似文献
402.
J. B. Blake B. H. Mauk D. N. Baker P. Carranza J. H. Clemmons J. Craft W. R. Crain A. Crew Y. Dotan J. F. Fennell R. H. Friedel L. M. Friesen F. Fuentes R. Galvan C. Ibscher A. Jaynes N. Katz M. Lalic A. Y. Lin D. M. Mabry T. Nguyen C. Pancratz M. Redding G. D. Reeves S. Smith H. E. Spence J. Westlake 《Space Science Reviews》2016,199(1-4):309-329
403.
According to the Category Adjustment (CA) model, spatial estimates (e.g., of location) involve Bayesian combination across multiple, hierarchical pieces information, each weighted by its relative certainty. Recent work, though, has shown that men and women differ in terms of their certainty regarding fine-grained and categorical information in location memory. Here we demonstrate that this reflects a more general sex difference in visuospatial processing by examining bias patterns in a line angle judgment task (JLAP-15). In addition, the data suggest that multiple, hierarchical levels of categorical information influenced spatial judgments. These results imply that the hierarchical combination outlined by the CA model extends beyond two levels, and that men and women apply differential weighting to these representations. 相似文献
404.
M Andre P Chagvardieff 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,24(3):265-269
During the past 10 years, the main part of CELSS studies has concerned the exploration of limits of plant productivity. Very high yields were obtained in continuous and high lighting, without reaching any limit. Concepts of mineral nutrition were renewed. CELSS activities now induce a development in the techniques of image processing applied to plants in order to follow the growth, to detect stresses or diseases or to pilot harvesting robots. Notable efforts concern the development of sensors, the study of trace contaminants and the micro-organisms monitoring. In parallel, several instruments for plant culture in closed Systems were developed. The advantages of closure are emphasised in comparison with open flow systems. The concept of Artificial Ecosystems developed for space research is more and more taken into account by the scientific community. It is considered as a new tool to study basic and applied problems related to ecology and not especially concerned with space research. 相似文献
405.
The 1999 Radar Conference banquet address, in which an attempt is made to predict future developments in radar, is presented 相似文献
406.
The Ultra Low Maintenance (ULM) battery technology and its historical performance validation programs are reviewed. Recent military flight test programs are discussed and the growing lists of both military and commercial aircraft flying ULM batteries are presented 相似文献
407.
A finite element statement of solving problems on stability of reinforced elliptic cylindrical shells taking into account
momentness and nonlinearity of their subcritical stress strain state is presented. The explicit expressions for displacements
of noncircular cylindrical shell elements as rigid bodies are determined by integrating the equations obtained by equating
the components of linear strains to zero. These expressions were used to construct the form functions for an efficient quadrilateral
finite element of natural curvature. An efficient numerical algorithm of nonlinear deformation and stability of shells was
developed. The stability of reinforced elliptic cylindrical shells under combined loading by bending moment, transverse boundary
force and internal pressure is analyzed. We also examine how the critical loads are affected by the strain nonlinearity and
ellipticity of shell deformation at the subcritical stage. 相似文献
408.
In this paper, a process of flanging to create thin-walled axisymmetrical shells with the shape of truncated cone is analyzed. Also presented are some dependences that make it possible to determine the relative depth of a formed piece at the given piece-blank thickness ratio. 相似文献
409.
Current projects of manned missions to Mars are aimed to their realization in the second-third decades of this century. The purpose of this paper is to determine and review the main biomedical problems, that require a first and foremost decision for safety support of extravehicular activity (EVA) carried out by crewmembers of the Mars expedition. To a number of such problems the authors of the paper attribute a creation of adequate EVA equipment intended, first, for assembly of interplanetary spacecraft on the Earth orbit, performance of maintenance operations and scientific researches on the external surface of spacecraft during interplanetary flight and, secondly, for work on the Mars surface. New generation of space suits with low weight, high mobility and acceptable risk of decompression sickness must be as a central component of EVA equipment. The program for preparation to a Mars expedition also has to include special investigations in order to design the means and methods for a reliable protection of crew against space radiation, to elaborate the approach to medical monitoring and primary medical care during autonomous space mission, to maintain good health condition of crewmembers during EVA under the Mars gravity (0.38 g) after super long-term flight in weightlessness. 相似文献
410.
The problem of bearings-only target localization is to estimate the location of a fixed target from a sequence of noisy bearing measurements. Although, in theory, this process is observable even without an observer maneuver, estimation performance (i.e., accuracy, stability and convergence rate) can be greatly enhanced by properly exploiting observer motion to increase observability. This work addresses the optimization of observer trajectories for bearings-only fixed-target localization. The approach presented herein is based on maximizing the determinant of the Fisher information matrix (FIM), subject to state constraints imposed on the observer trajectory (e.g., by the target defense system). Direct optimal control numerical schemes, including the recently introduced differential inclusion (DI) method, are used to solve the resulting optimal control problem. Computer simulations, utilizing the familiar Stansfield and maximum likelihood (ML) estimators, demonstrate the enhancement to target position estimability using the optimal observer trajectories 相似文献