Possible adaptation to strong magnetic fields

Animal adaptation to a strong magnetic field was investigated. Mice were exposed to 30-day total-body continuous effects of a constant magnetic field (CMF) of 1.6T, and their physiological responses were assessed. Analysis of the data obtained showed that different parameters varied in a dissimilar manner. Red blood changes returned to normal in the course of the experiment. Leucocytosis and increased content of catecholamines and corticosterone of blood and adrenals persisted throughout the exposure. Changes in the spermatogenic epithelium were most distinct after the exposure. The recovery of certain parameters during the CMF exposure is indicative of adaptation of some physiological systems. The adaptation is, however, incomplete as suggested by the long persisting stress manifestation. Reticulocytopenia and spermatogenetic abnormalities found after exposure are of particular importance.     

Energetic neutron and gamma-ray spectra under the earth radiation belts according to “SALUTE-7”-“KOSMOS-1686” orbital complex and “CORONAS-i” satellite data

The spectra of neutrons >10 MeV and gamma-rays 1.5–100 MeV under the Earth Radiation Belts, restored from the data, obtained onboard orbital complex “SALUTE-7”-“KOSMOS-1686”, are presented. The spectra shapes are similar to those for albedo neutrons and gamma-rays, but absolute values of their fluxes (0.2 cm⁻² s⁻¹ for neutrons, 0.8 cm⁻² s⁻¹ for gamma-rays at the equator and 1.2 cm⁻² s⁻¹, 1.9 cm⁻² s⁻¹, accordingly, at L=1.9) are several times as large. It is possibly explained by the fact that most of the detected particles were produced by the cosmic ray interactions with the orbital complex matter. Neutron and gamma-ray fluxes obtained from “CORONAS-I” data are near those for albedo particles.     

Thin body motion under free surface with formation of final length cavity

The two-dimensional problem of high velocity moving slender body interaction with fluid free surface was regarded. Gravity was neglected as compared with fluid inertia. The problem is relevant to underwater motion of a bullet or shell, which could take place in orbital collisions of particles with fluid-filled containments. The problem is also relevant to evaluating wave-breakers effect on the streaming flow. The solution was obtained for the case of final length cavity formation behind the body. The solution allows determining free surface shape, drag and lift forces. In the limiting cases of relatively small depth or high compressibility, the obtained solution permitted analytical approximation.     

Hybrid quadri-ionic model of the lower ionosphere

An ion model of the lower ionosphere is proposed. It consists of four positive ions: O₂⁺, NO⁺ and two cluster ions - a simpler CI₁ and a more complex CI₂. This model well explains the normal component of the winter anomaly (WA) in the D-region, which is recorded by absorption measurements on short radiowaves and rocket experiments at middle (40°N) and high (70°) latitudes. The higher values of the electron density during the winter appear as a result of the lower recombination because of smaller rates of cluster ion formation, i.e. the normal WA can be explained and modelled by the regular seasonal variations of composition, temperature and density.     

Seismo-Ionospheric Variations during Strong Earthquakes Based on the Example of the 2010 Earthquake in Chile

Seismo-ionospheric variations during the strong earthquake on February 27, 2010 in Chile have been considered. An analysis of the ionospheric state has been performed using measurements based on a GPS satellite navigation system. The results of processing have shown that the decrease in the electron concentration on February 24, 2010 relative to the preceding day was from 24 to 35%. It has also been noted that, 3 days prior to the seismic event, a substantial drop in the rate of change of in the total electron content was observed near the epicenter zone for 1.5 h. It has been shown that, directly before the earthquake, instantaneous variations in the rate of change in the electron content by an order of value that exceeds normal background behavior was observed.     

Impact of microwave discharges on the lower ionosphere and middle atmosphere

The behaviour of the lower ionosphere and middle atmosphere during microwave discharges at 30 – 60 km altitude is investigated. The developed plasmachemical model includes 166 processes for 19 minor neutral (including excited) components and for 13 charged species. The distinctive differences of this model from previous investigations are (1) the equation system is closed assuming undisturbed conditions, (2) the inclusion of additional reactions involving hydrogen components, and (3) considerable improvement of the reaction scheme for ionized components. The results are analyzed in three main aspects: the behavior of the minor neutral and excited components, variations of charged species including the electron concentration, and finally possible influence of the air heating on the plasma chemistry.     

Comparison of IRI with rocket measurements

Comparison of IRI with several sets of rocket measurements for various height regions is presented. Conclusions are made on the reliability of IRI for various conditions.