航空机电系统技术发展综述

文中总结了国际航空机电系统技术研究现状,以美国为代表的国际先进飞机研发体系,将机电系统技术提升至与飞机平台技术并重的地位,将综合推进、能源与热管理技术列为核心技术领域,持续开展了MEA、INVENT、INPPAT、AVEM、NGT-PAC等一系列面向机电领域的重大技术专项和演示验证计划;梳理了系统架构综合化、能源利用多电化、能量管理高效化的机电系统技术发展趋势;展开了机电系统技术研发思考,提出了强化机电系统技术发展规律和需求认识、升级机电系统技术基础研究,和仿真验证能力是引领机电系统技术发展的2个关键方向。     

空间绳系编队的动力学及稳定展开控制研究

以三角构型的空间绳系编队系统为对象开展了动力学特性分析和稳定展开控制研究。首先，针对以往编队动力学建模的精度问题，采用Lagrange法建立了系统动力学模型，建模时充分考虑了系绳的弹性，可在不增加计算量的同时保留系统的弹性特性。其次，根据所建立的动力学模型，定量分析了编队自旋稳定时自转角速度的范围，为之后的稳定展开控制提供理论依据。由于受制于执行机构精度和控制输入的限制，空间绳系编队系统是一个典型的欠驱动系统，采用分层滑模实现编队的稳定展开控制，仿真结果验证了该控制方法的有效性。     

Comparative analysis of four different single-frequency PPP models on positioning performance and atmosphere delay retrieval

Single-frequency precise point positioning (SF-PPP) has attracted increasing attention due to its high precision and cost effectiveness. With various strategies to handle the dominant error, i.e., ionosphere delay, the ionosphere-float (IF), ionosphere-free-half (IFH), ionosphere-corrected (IC), and ionosphere-weighted (IW) SF-PPP models are certain to possess different characteristics and performance levels. This study is dedicated to assessing and comparing the four models from model characteristics, positioning performance, and atmosphere delay retrieval. The model comparison shows that IC and IW models are full-rank while IF and IFH models have a rank deficiency of size one that will result in biased estimations, which means the better solvability of IC and IW models. The experiments are carried out based on the 7-day Global Positioning System (GPS) observations collected at 57 global Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations and Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) products. The results indicate that the IW model can accelerate SF-PPP convergence and achieve higher positioning accuracy compared to the other three SF-PPP models, especially in kinematic mode. With convergence criteria of 0.25 m in horizontal and 0.5 m in vertical, the east/north/up convergence times of IW model are 0.5/15.0/25.0 min and 0.5/16.0/36.5 min for static and kinematic modes, respectively. The IW model is able to achieve an instantaneous positioning accuracy of 0.28/0.35/0.75 m. In addition, a real kinematic test also demonstrates the best positioning solutions of IW model. Regarding troposphere delay retrieval, the IF, IFH, and IW models obtain a comparable daily accuracy of 3.0 cm on average, while the IC model achieves the worst accuracy of 8.0 cm. For precise ionosphere delay estimation, IW model only needs an average initialization time of 34.3 min, but a longer initialization time of 51.6 min is required for IF model. The daily precision of ionosphere delay estimation for IW model can reach up to 10.8 cm. At the present accuracy of GIM products, it is suggested that the IW model should be adopted for SF-PPP first due to its superior performance in positioning and atmosphere delay retrieval.     

天文观测卫星动中探测机动测试系统设计

天文观测卫星普遍采用动中探测模式开展空间探测任务。为了实现动中探测姿态机动模式的地面有效验证，设计了整星机动集成测试方案。设计惯性空间基准的地面动力学仿真，满足惯性空间扫描仿真；设计整星各分系统间高精度时间统一系统，为整星机动测试提供统一基准；基于STK与Matlab接口模块，设计基于实时遥测数据的可视化判读系统，可提高测试判读实时性与准确度。整星测试结果表明，该方案有效验证了动中探测任务中姿态机动功能的正确性和指标符合情况，为开展整星地面测试和在轨应用提供了参考。     

Guidepost-based autonomous orbit determination method for GEO satellite

Guidepost-based navigation system is a novel autonomous orbit determination method for the GEO satellite. The system is achieved by using the camera imaging function to obtain the guidepost images and the GNSS signal receiver to obtain the pseudoranges between the GEO and the navigation satellites. Due to the high altitude of GEO satellite and the time-varying sunlight condition in the space environment, it may be difficult to obtain object image points and the distance measurements of GNSS because of the weak visibility of the guideposts. To deal with the problem, a novel integrated orbit determination system is presented. The Earth landmarks, the in-orbit spacecraft and GNSS navigation satellites whose line-of-sights and the distance can be easily obtained are used at the same time as information for the GEO satellite navigation based on the observability conditions analysis. The observability of the GEO satellite navigation system is analyzed through the physical observability, the mathematical observability and the engineering observability through the observing geometry, the rank of observability matrix and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) respectively. Besides, the maximum correntropy unscented Kalman filter (MCUKF) algorithm is applied to improve the estimation stability of the system in the presence of non-Gaussian noises. The simulation indicates the feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

采用MSCMG群的卫星平台敏捷机动控制地面闭环试验验证

针对新型惯性执行机构磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺(Magnetically suspended control moment gyro, MSCMG),基于金字塔构型开展卫星平台敏捷机动控制地面闭环试验研究,以验证MSCMG的姿态控制性能。首先基于MSCMG搭建卫星平台控制地面试验系统,建立数学模型;接着针对气浮台外界扰动抑制及大角度敏捷机动控制问题,基于变参数滑模控制设计姿态控制算法,采用鲁棒伪逆方法进行MSCMG群框架角速度分配;并针对MSCMG的特性对框架角速度和角加速度进行了限幅,开展闭环控制试验研究。试验结果表明,采用MSCMG进行气浮台姿态稳定控制实验,可以实现姿态稳定度优于5×10~(-4)(°)/s,且在实现30°/15 s的机动指标时,MSCMG框架角速度具有良好的跟踪性能,且磁悬浮转子在输出大力矩时仍然保持稳定悬浮,具有较强的鲁棒性。通过地面闭环试验验证了MSCMG作为姿控执行机构的优异性能,为其未来进一步应用研究奠定基础。     

双频系统的功率分配和最佳设计方法

双频系统含有双频多普勒测速、数传及遥测三个分系统。本文提出双频组合(随机)测速误差、测速分系统的及整个双频系统的最佳功率分配等概念和公式,最佳设计方法和一个简便迅速的图解法。利用此法可将双频系统发射机耗功降至最小值,或反言之可提高有关分系统的精度。     

国防计量工作改革的探讨

阐述了国防计量与民用计量的差别，计量工作的原动力以及对国防计量工作改革的探讨。     

Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. space shuttle flights STS-31 and STS-32.

The first microgravity protein crystal growth experiments were performed on Spacelab I by Littke and John. These experiments indicated that the space grown crystals, which were obtained using a liquid-liquid diffusion system, were larger than crystals obtained by the same experimental system on earth. Subsequent experiments were performed by other investigators on a series of space shuttle missions from 1985 through 1990. The results from two of these shuttle flights (STS-26 and STS-29) have been described previously. The results from these missions indicated that the microgravity grown crystals for a number of different proteins were larger, displayed more uniform morphologies, and yielded diffraction data to significantly higher resolutions than the best crystals of these proteins grown on earth. This paper presents the results obtained from shuttle flight STS-32 (flown in January, 1990) and preliminary results from the most recent shuttle flight, STS-31 (flown in April, 1990).