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981.
982.
A brief analysis is made of the interrelation of the intensity of cosmic-ray particles, the column density of gas and the intensity of cosmic γ-rays. It is shown that, locally, γ-ray data enable the calibration of H2 densities to be inferred from CO data and elsewhere the variation of cosmic-ray intensity with position to be assessed. Finally, the importance of cosmic-ray irradiated molecular clouds in simulating γ-ray ‘sources’ is reiterated. 相似文献
983.
Samaan M.A. Mortari D. Junkins J.L. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2005,41(4):1246-1254
Star identification can be accomplished by several different available algorithms that identify the stars observed by a star tracker. However, efficiency and reliability remain key issues and the availability of new active pixel cameras requires new approaches. Two novel algorithms for recursive mode star identification are presented here. The first approach is derived by the spherical polygon search (SP-search) algorithm, it was used to access all the cataloged stars observed by the sensor field-of-view (FOV) and recursively add/remove candidate cataloged stars according to the predicted image motion induced by camera attitude dynamics. Star identification is then accomplished by a star pattern matching technique which identifies the observed stars in the reference catalog. The second method uses star neighborhood information and a catalog neighborhood pointer matrix to access the star catalog. In the recursive star identification process, and under the assumption of \"slow\" attitude dynamics, only the stars in the neighborhood of previously identified stars are considered for star identification in the succeeding frames. Numerical tests are performed to validate the absolute and relative efficiency of the proposed methods. 相似文献
984.
以某型号航空发动机阻尼减振需求为背景,对开发研制的金属橡胶隔振器与现用的橡胶隔振器进行了动、静态实验研究。研究结果表明:金属橡胶隔振器的能量耗散性能、静态承载能力、过临界的能力及提供振动防护的区域都远远大于橡胶隔振器,而且通过改变金属橡胶隔振器的结构参数和预压缩量可以优化其隔振效果。研究结果为利用金属橡胶隔振器来改善航空发动机的振动状况提供了依据。 相似文献
985.
A. Galli P. Wurz H. Lammer H. I. M. Lichtenegger R. Lundin S. Barabash A. Grigoriev M. Holmström H. Gunell 《Space Science Reviews》2006,126(1-4):447-467
We have evaluated the Lyman-α limb emission from the exospheric hydrogen of Mars measured by the neutral particle detector of the ASPERA-3 instrument on Mars Express in 2004 at low solar activity (solar activity index = 42, F10.7=100). We derive estimates for the hydrogen exobase density, n H = 1010 m?3, and for the apparent temperature, T > 600 K. We conclude that the limb emission measurement is dominated by a hydrogen component that is considerably hotter than the bulk temperature at the exobase. The derived values for the exosphere density and temperature are compared with similar measurements done by the Mariner space probes in the 1969. The values found with Mars Express and Mariner data are brought in a broader context of exosphere models including the possibility of having two hydrogen components in the Martian exosphere. The present observation of the Martian hydrogen exosphere is the first one at high altitudes during low solar activity, and shows that for low solar activity exospheric densities are not higher than for high solar activity. 相似文献
986.
Ovshinsky S.R. Dhar S.K. Fetcenko M.A. Corrigan D.A. Reichman B. Young K. Fierro C. Venkatesan S. Gifford P. Koch J. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》1999,14(5):17-23
While Ovonic NiMH batteries are already in high volume commercial production for portable applications, advances in materials technology have enabled performance improvements in specific energy (100 Wh/kg), specific power (600-1000 W/kg), high temperature operation, charge retention, and voltage stability. Concurrent with technology advances, Ovonic NiMH batteries have established performance and commercial milestones in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, as well as scooter, motorcycle and bicycle applications. As important as these advances, significant manufacturing cost reductions have also occurred which allow continued growth of NiMH technology. In this paper, advances in performance, applications and cost reduction are discussed with particular emphasis on the improved proprietary metal hydride and nickel hydroxide materials that make such advances possible 相似文献
987.
The considerable evidence that Mars once had a wetter, more clement, environment motivates the search for past or present life on that planet. This evidence also suggests the possibility of restoring habitable conditions on Mars. While the total amounts of the key molecules--carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen--needed for creating a biosphere on Mars are unknown, estimates suggest that there may be enough in the subsurface. Super greenhouse gases, in particular, perfluorocarbons, are currently the most effective and practical way to warm Mars and thicken its atmosphere so that liquid water is stable on the surface. This process could take approximately 100 years. If enough carbon dioxide is frozen in the South Polar Cap and absorbed in the regolith, the resulting thick and warm carbon dioxide atmosphere could support many types of microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. If a planet-wide martian biosphere converted carbon dioxide into oxygen with an average efficiency equal to that for Earth's biosphere, it would take > 100,000 years to create Earth-like oxygen levels. Ethical issues associated with bringing life to Mars center on the possibility of indigenous martian life and the relative value of a planet with or without a global biosphere. 相似文献
988.
A.K. Sharma D.P. Nade S.S. Nikte P.T. Patil R.N. Ghodpage R.S. Vhatkar M.V. Rokade S. Gurubaran 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
This paper reports the nightglow observations of OI 630.0 nm emissions, made by using all sky imager operating at low latitude station Kolhapur (16.8°N, 74.2°E and dip lat. 10.6°N) during high sunspot number years of 24th solar cycle. The images are analyzed to study the nocturnal, seasonal and solar activity dependence occurrence of plasma bubbles. We observed EPBs in images regularly during a limited period 19:30 to 02:30 LT and reach maximum probability of occurrence at 22:30 LT. The observation pattern of EPBs shows nearly no occurrence during the month of May and it maximizes during the period October–April. The equinox and solstice seasonal variations in the occurrence of plasma bubbles show nearly equal and large differences, respectively, between years of 2010–11 and 2011–12. 相似文献
989.
J. Biele S. Ulamec M. Hilchenbach N.I. Kömle 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
A key aspect for understanding the astrobiological potential of planets and moons in the Solar system is the analysis of material embedded in or underneath icy layers on the surface. In particular in case of the icy crust of Jupiters moon Europa such investigation would be of greatest interest. For a Europa lander to be launched in the 2020–2030 timeframe, we propose to use a simplified instrumented melting probe which is able to access and sample depths of a few meters without the necessity of heavy and complicated drilling equipment. 相似文献
990.
Rice M. Oliphant T. Haddadin O. McIntire W. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2007,43(4):1484-1495
This paper describes data-aided signal level and noise variance estimators for Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) when the observations are limited to the output of a filter matched to the first pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) pulse in the equivalent PAM representation. The estimators are based on the maximum likelihood (ML) principle and assume burst-mode transmission with known timing and a block of L0 known bits. While it is well known that ML estimators are asymptotically unbiased and efficient, the analysis quantifies the rate at which the estimators approach these asymptotic properties. It is shown that the carrier phase, amplitude, and noise variance estimators are unbiased and can achieve their corresponding Cramer-Rao bounds with modest combinations of signal-to-noise ratio and observation length. The estimates are used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio. It is shown that the mean squared error performance of the ratio increases with signal-to-noise ratio while the mean squared error performance of the ratio in decibels decreases with signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation results are provided to confirm the accuracy of the analytic results. 相似文献