极高真空技术的发展

总结了极高真空(XHV低于10-9Pa的压力范围)获得和测量方法以及获得和测量极高真空的限制因素,描述了降低XHV系统器壁和元件(包括真空规或残余气体分析器)出气率采用的技术。     

不确定载荷下的桁架结构拓扑优化

对带有不确定扰动载荷的桁架结构拓扑优化问题进行了研究.将不确定载荷表示成有界凸集,从而把不确定性问题转化为一个确定性问题.构造了凸集载荷下以体积为约束的柔度最小化模型,该优化模型的实质是在高维椭球内计算最大柔度最小问题.由于采用传统优化模型存在计算上的困难,对凸集载荷进行了数学处理,并据此构造了半定规划形式的优化模型以便求解.优化结果相对于给定载荷的刚度虽然略低,但对不确定的扰动载荷却具有一定的承载能力.算例表明通过半定规划法构造的考虑扰动载荷作用下的优化结果鲁棒性较佳,结构形式更接近于实际工程结构.     

基于遗传算法的设备布置优化算法

对设备布置问题,建立了多目标优化数学模型.为弥补当前的现场布置遗传算法在变异阶段的不足,将最优个体变异与随机变异相结合,设计了组合变异策略:首先变异最优个体,如果变异出更优的个体,则用新个体替换当前种群的最差个体;如果最优个体变异不成功,则随机选择一个个体执行随机变异.据此,提出了一种改进的遗传算法用于求解设备布置问题.仿真实验证明了组合变异策略能够在明显较短的时间内,取得与随机变异相当的最优布置结果.对比分析进一步验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于预测校正方法的RLV再入制导律设计

针对高超声速可重复运载器RLV(Reusable Launch Vehicles)的再入飞行问题,利用数值预测校正方法与准平衡滑翔条QEGC(Quasi-Equilibrium Glide Condition)相结合的方法在线设计同时满足热流、法向过载和动压等轨迹约束与末端精度要求的倾侧角制导律.建立三自由度动力学方程,确定初始条件、末端精度要求和轨迹约束要求;然后详细阐述预测校正方法和准平衡滑翔条件的原理,再利用预测校正方法设计制导律,用QEGC把约束转换为对倾侧角制导律的上界,通过限制倾侧角的幅值来限制约束.最后在计算机上进行制导仿真,并考虑初始条件不确定性,进行蒙特卡洛仿真,通过分析仿真结果,证明利用预测校正方法结合准平衡滑翔条件可以快速的设计出满足末端精度要求和轨迹约束的制导律,并对初始条件不确定性有较好的鲁棒性.     

大型客车柴油燃料生命周期分析

以实施第1及第2阶段限值后的大型客车为对象,对车用燃油从原油开采、运输、炼油WTT(Well-to-Tank)到车辆使用TTW(Tank-to-Wheel)等多个环节,即燃料生命周期WTW(Well-to-Wheel)内的能量消耗和温室气体排放进行了定量分析,WTT阶段的分析使用了有关统计数据,TTW阶段的分析采用了试验数据.结果表明:WTW阶段的能量消耗和温室气体分别是TTW阶段的1.151倍和1.153倍;WTT阶段各环节的能量消耗占总能量消耗的比例分别为6.7%,0.42%,6.1%,温室气体排放占总排放的比例分别为1.92%,1.42%,9.97%;大型客车第1阶段燃料消耗量限值的实施可降低12%的能量消耗和11.8%的温室气体排放;第2阶段燃料消耗量限值的实施可降低16.93%的能量消耗和17.67%的温室气体排放.     

Two-Way-Coupling Method for Rapid Aerothermoelastic Analyses of Hypersonic Wings

Several types of coupling methods for resolving aerothermoelastic problems associated with hypersonic wings are summarized,and the appropriate coupling methods for engineering calculations are selected.Then,the calculation and analysis methods for the subdisciplines in this field are introduced,and the time step issue is discussed.A two-way-coupling rapid static aerothermoelastic method for analyzing hypersonic wings is proposed.This method considers thermal effects and is used to conduct an aerothermoelastic response analysis for a hypersonic wing.In addition,the aerodynamic force,heat flux,structural deformation and temperature field are obtained.The following three conclusions are drawn.First,the heating effect has a significant impact on the static aeroelastic response of hypersonic wings;therefore,thermal protection shields are essential.Second,the application of thermal protection shields reduces the differences in the calculation results between the one-and two-way-coupling methods.Third,hypersonic wings exhibit large thermal deformation under high-temperature environments,and in certain cases,the thermal deformation is even larger than the deformation caused by aerodynamic force.     

Numerical Study of Parachute-Payload Land Site Distribution with Randomize Wind Gust Model

A parachute-payload model with randomize wind gust is developed to study the landing accuracy of the parachute decelerator system,which can be exactly described by the landing site distribution.The research focuses on the steady descent phase of the parachute descent process,so the parachute and the payload suspension formulation during the phase are mainly discussed.In addition,since the wind effects have a significant impact on the land site distribution of the passive decelerator system and it is difficult to obtain the exact wind profile in practice,major features of parachute-payload system are studied via the randomized wind gust formulation.As the randomized wind gust formulation is adopted,the wind effect can be considered without the exact wind gust profile and the parachute aerodynamic simulation can be fulfilled with uncertainties.Finally,the model is validated and discussed,and the parachute land site distributions with different wind randomize profiles are presented for comparison.The results show that when parachute is less stable,the land site tends to have a larger variance.     

Modeling and Optimal Design of Planar Linkage Mechanism of Coupled Joint Clearances for Manufacturing

The uncertainty of the mechanism motion error is mostly caused by the manufacturing process,so the motion error cannot be effectively predicted at the design phase.The problems of manufacturing complexity and the relationship between design and manufacturing are analyzed,and the influence of dimensional tolerance and fit tolerance on the motion accuracy of the system is considered in the design process.Then based on the Monte Carlo simulation,an optimal design model of planar linkage mechanism is set up.A typical offset slider-crank mechanism is used as an illustrative example to carry out the optimal design.Compared with the result of typical robustness design,the similar variation characteristics of the mean value and the standard deviation can be found,so the proposed method is effective.The method is furthermore applied in the optimization of the schemes with different fit tolerances and the prediction of motion errors in the design phase is achieved.A set of quantitative evaluation system for mechanism optimal design is provided.Finally,a basic strategy is presented to balance the motion precision and manufacturing cost.     

亚超剪切混合层燃油雾化特性试验研究

为了摸清亚超大梯度剪切混合层内直射式喷嘴的燃油雾化特性,设计了用于向亚超剪切混合流中进行燃油喷射的直射式喷嘴,建立了亚超剪切混合层中燃油雾化试验系统。利用粒子图像测速系统（PIV）,对亚超大梯度混合层中油雾场进行测量。通过改变喷嘴流量、喷射角度和喷嘴数量研究不同参数对雾化特性的影响,并应用图像处理技术对亚超大梯度剪切混合层内的油雾场进行分析,总结归纳其雾化规律。试验结果显示：随着流量增大,穿透深度会随之增大,破碎后的颗粒分布峰值所对应的液滴直径会逐渐变小,雾化效果提升;相同流量条件下,喷嘴的角度改变对雾化效果有影响,顺喷和逆喷的雾化效果均好于垂直喷射;逆喷的喷射高度最高,随着流量的增长,燃料将会碰壁;顺喷条件下,随着角度的增加,穿透长度会有所增加;综合燃油轨迹边界,逆喷的效果相对较好。相同流量条件下,喷孔个数的改变对雾化效果和穿透深度的影响不大。     

航空发动机和燃气轮机热端部件热腐蚀-疲劳研究进展

航空发动机和燃气轮机在海洋环境下服役时,热端部件承受高温、高压、高转速机械载荷和高盐雾、高湿度等腐蚀环境耦合作用,常发生热腐蚀-疲劳失效,影响结构完整性、安全性和可靠性。本文针对航空发动机和燃气轮机热端部件热腐蚀-疲劳失效问题,总结和分析了涡轮盘、涡轮叶片高温合金及涂层热腐蚀机理,涡轮盘、涡轮叶片高温合金热腐蚀-疲劳失效机理以及热腐蚀-疲劳寿命预测模型和寿命评估方法,并对航空发动机和燃气轮机热端部件热腐蚀-疲劳试验研究和寿命评估方法的发展趋势进行了展望,以期促进燃气-海洋环境耦合作用下热端部件结构完整性评定方法的发展。