机床新技术及未来发展

[编者按]随着各种新技术的不断应用,机床的性能快速提高.未来机床的性能特点成为业内广受关注的问题.本期"未来机床"论坛我们特别邀请了同济大学教授张曙、北京机床研究所研究员盛伯浩、昌飞公司副总工艺师林东、济南二机床集团有限公司数控机床公司总工程师贾会述,他们将分别从专家、用户、厂商的角度,解读未来机床的发展趋势.并给出了行业发展的建议.     

小型化催化重整煤油燃气发生器的数值模拟

催化重整燃气发生器是在线产生氢气的有效途径,有助于碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机的着火和燃烧.通过对新设计的小型化燃气发生器乳化煤油的燃烧及催化重整进行数值模拟,在计算结果和试验数据吻合基础上,分析了出口燃气的总体状态和影响催化重整各参数的变化规律,确定了研究涉及到的参数范围内的最佳工况点,并揭示了内部的燃烧状态和一些难测量成分含量变化趋势,从而进一步指导设计和试验.      

冷却环带喷注结构对煤油超临界液膜的影响研究

针对液氧/煤油补燃发动机液膜冷却过程,建立了超临界条件下的液膜冷却模型,分析了冷却环带喷注结构对局部流动和冷却效果的影响.在超临界条件下,煤油和周围燃气为同种流体,用同一组方程来描述其流动与传热过程,对3种典型冷却环喷注结构的流动进行了数值模拟.结果表明:冷却环带的出口角度、台阶结构和喷射角对局部流动和传热有显著影响,出口角度小于90°的台阶式结构可减小局部回流从而有利于推力室的热防护.      

温度冲击下变截面圆孔装药的热力耦合分析

为研究温度冲击载荷对某改性双基推进剂装药结构完整性的影响,基于热力耦合基本理论,开展了不同温度下改性双基推进剂力学松弛试验,得到了不同温度下松弛模量的6阶Prony级数及以293.15K为参考温度的时温等效W.L.F(Williams-Landel-Ferry)方程.利用Ansys有限元软件对由333.15K降低至21...     

碳纳米管阵列推力器放电特性的数值模拟研究

基于直接蒙特卡洛(DSMC)算法、浸入式有限元算法(IFE)、粒子云及蒙特卡洛碰撞(PIC-MCC)算法以及Ammosov-Delone-Krainov(ADK)隧穿电离模型建立了碳纳米管阵列推力器工质气体和CNT场电离过程的三维仿真模型。利用文献中的实验数据对本文仿真模型的有效性进行了验证,结果表明本文仿真模型与实验结果基本一致。针对碳纳米管阵列推力器的放电特性进行了研究,并重点分析了离子与原子碰撞过程对碳纳米管阵列推力器放电特性的影响。结果表明CNT可以极大地增强局部电场,稳态时场增强因子约为1308;与原子的碰撞使得离子在CNT附近更加集中,降低了局部电场,进而降低了其场增强能力。     

Multiple hierarchy risk assessment with hybrid model for safety enhancing of unmanned subscale BWB demonstrator flight test

To explore the low-speed characteristics of the Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) configuration for future civil aircraft, a series of unmanned subscale demonstrators have been developed and tested by our research team. During this process, specific safety risks deriving from uncertain design features, system unreliability, and insufficient personnel experience caused continuous flight test mishaps and the risk mechanism was not clear. Local and trial-and-error learning driven safety improvements took few effects on mishap prevention, so our focus was turned to look for systematic safety strategies. This paper establishes a systems theory based hybrid model to integrate the physical system reliability analysis techniques with the system dynamics method for illustrating the multiple risk interactions of the demonstrator flight test involving organizational, human resource and technical system factors. Using the prior BB-5 demonstrator as a case, the hybrid model simulation represents its historical risk evolution process, which verifies the model rationality. Derived risk control strategies reduced the mishap rate of a new demonstrator called BB-6 Sprit. The paper also shows the extended hybrid model can be applied on safety management of unmanned aerial vehicles from the initial period of vehicle development.     

一种蜗轮圆周均匀注油工艺

通过对雨刮电机蜗轮注油工艺的研究,研制了一种蜗轮沿圆周均匀注油工艺,对蜗轮的每个齿槽都均匀地注上油脂,保证了蜗轮蜗杆啮合时的润滑,解决了蜗轮在啮合过程中出现剔齿、塑性变形等问题,提高了产品的使用性能。同时,相关行业可以借鉴该注油工艺和推广。     

基于序列趋势和集合距离的UAV态势相似性度量方法

在无人机（UAV）自主作战与智能决策的过程中，无人机获取的新态势与历史态势的相似性度量是态势评估与作战决策的重要环节，而现有的相似性度量方法主要处理离散时刻态势，采用的欧式距离等方法对数据敏感，不符合作战态势特性，且处理效率低下，针对该问题，提出基于序列趋势和集合距离的UAV态势相似性度量方法。该方法首先选取UAV作战态势要素并以时间序列形式表征数据；然后，使用经验模态分解方法提取历史态势与新态势的序列趋势以度量序列趋势的相似性；最后，对趋势相似的每条态势序列进行自组织映射聚类，得到若干聚类中心构成集合，利用最优子模式分配距离度量集合间的距离，提取集合距离较小的部分获得与新态势相似的历史经验态势。通过公用数据集的分类效果比对实验以及作战仿真态势的相似性度量实验，表明该方法能够有效度量两序列之间的相似性程度，度量效果好，分类实验中分类精度较传统方法最高提高18%，且方法简便，具有一定的实用价值。     

基于多特征融合的航天器锂电池健康评估技术

传统的航天器蓄电池可靠性试验按照最大放电深度进行定额充放电，所构建的失效模型用于支撑航天器总体可靠性设计，不能用于在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估任务；航天器在蓄电池遥测的采样率、精度、样本量方面无法与民用领域相比，基于高采样、大样本的民用蓄电池健康估计方法也不适用于在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估。针对该问题，从在轨航天器蓄电池数据特性出发，挖掘在轨状态下所能提取的退化特征，并采用多特征综合评价方法，设计了一种基于多特征融合的在轨锂离子蓄电池健康评估方法，实现了在轨蓄电池放电内阻、同放电深度下的终端电压、恒压充电时间3项退化特征融合的健康量化评估，应用于某型号卫星的在轨监测与健康评估，具有良好的工程实用性，可作为国内航天器健康评估技术的参考。     

Assessing ecohydrological factors variations and their relationships at different spatio-temporal scales in semiarid area,northwestern China

As a typical semiarid farming-pastoral ecotone sensitive to the environmennt, the Plain of West Liaohe Basin (WLBP) is currently experiencing drastic environmental changes. To identify how environmental change affect vegetation in the WLBP, we analysed spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Ecological environment factors based on monthly and annual air temperature (T), precipitation (P) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1982 to 2015. And the correlations between them were investigated by correlation analysis (Simple correlation, partial correlation and complex correlation) at temporal and spatial scale. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation growth of the WLBP showed ameliorated trend, with a change rate of 0.004/yr.; (2) P was more sensitive to NDVI than T; (3) and the influence of hydrothermal changes on vegetation growth was more significant than that of the change of single climate factors at time scales; (4) the effects of anthropogenic factors on vegetation change were 75.07% (1982–1993) and 98.08% (1994–2015), respectively. At the temp-special scales, P&T and land use type change (LUCC) were the main climatic and anthropogenic factors that affect vegetation changes, respectively.