A proposed Comet Nucleus Penetrator for the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby mission

Among the major objectives of NASA's program of space exploration is a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the solar system. Crucial to this objective is the study of comets, which are thought to be the most primitive, pristine bodies remaining in the solar system. The importance of the study of comets has led NASA to plan a mission to rendezvous with comet Tempel 2 in 1997. Critical to the understanding of comets will be measurements of the nucleus material to determine its elemental and isotopic composition, its mechanical properties, and its thermal state and properties. This paper describes a proposal for a Comet Nucleus Penetrator to accomplish these measurement goals. The Comet Nucleus Penetrator will implant instruments into the comet's nucleus beneath a probable volatile-depleted surface mantle into material more representative of the bulk composition of the nucleus.     

On an analytical model of the aerothermodynamics of fluid–structure interaction

An analytical model of the aerothermodynamics of fluid–structure interaction through an ablative wall is developed, involving: (i) the solution to the Navier–Stokes equations in the fluid; (ii) the solution to the equations of thermoelasticity in the solid wall; (iii) the matching of the two solutions across the fluid–wall interface by continuity of normal and tangential stresses and jump of the heat flux equal to the heat of ablation. These three matching conditions determine the three constants of integration, besides the boundary conditions: (i) in the free stream far above the wall, the fluid velocity and temperature are given; (ii) in the backing material below the wall the temperature is given and displacement is assumed to be zero. In order to arrive at a simple analytical solution the simplest geometry is chosen: two-dimensional, with a flat fluid–wall interface, and all quantities in the fluid and structure depending only on distance from the wall. Extensions to unsteady and three-dimensional cases would be more complex. The present theory specifies: (i) the velocity, pressure and density in the fluid; (ii) the displacement vector, and strain and stress tensors in the structure; (iii) the temperature and heat flux in the fluid and structure, including discontinuities across the fluid–wall interface. The model is applied to examples of (a) hypersonic flight and (b) atmospheric re-entry.     

纳米级SiCp/6066Al复合材料的制备与力学性能的研究

采用粉末冶金方法制备了纳米SiCp增强铝基复合材料,研究了增强相尺寸对铝基复合材料性能的影响。结果表明：体积分数为1％的纳米级SiCp／6066Al复合材料的强度与体积分数为12％、尺寸为7μm的SiCp／6066Al复合材料的强度相当,并且前者的塑性高于后者。     

重复使用金属热防护系统研究进展

综述了金属热防护系统的国外研究最新进展,重点介绍了国内相关研究和试验的最新情况.指出金属热防护系统仍是下一代重复使用运载器大面积表面热防护系统的优选方案之一.     

Meteors do not break exogenous organic molecules into high yields of diatomics

Meteoroids that dominate the Earth's extraterrestrial mass influx (50-300 microm size range) may have contributed a unique blend of exogenous organic molecules at the time of the origin of life. Such meteoroids are so large that most of their mass is ablated in the Earth's atmosphere. In the process, organic molecules are decomposed and chemically altered to molecules differently from those delivered to the Earth's surface by smaller (<50 microm) micrometeorites and larger (>10 cm) meteorites. The question addressed here is whether the organic matter in these meteoroids is fully decomposed into atoms or diatomic compounds during ablation. If not, then the ablation products made available for prebiotic organic chemistry, and perhaps early biology, might have retained some memory of their astrophysical nature. To test this hypothesis we searched for CN emission in meteor spectra in an airborne experiment during the 2001 Leonid meteor storm. We found that the meteor's light-emitting air plasma, which included products of meteor ablation, contained less than 1 CN molecule for every 30 meteoric iron atoms. This contrasts sharply with the nitrogen/iron ratio of 1:1.2 in the solid matter of comet 1P/Halley. Unless the nitrogen content or the abundance of complex organic matter in the Leonid parent body, comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle, differs from that in comet 1P/Halley, it appears that very little of that organic nitrogen decomposes into CN molecules during meteor ablation in the rarefied flow conditions that characterize the atmospheric entry of meteoroids approximately 50 microm-10 cm in size. We propose that the organics of such meteoroids survive instead as larger compounds.     

Mortality and morphological anomalies related to the passage of cosmic heavy ions through the smallest flowering aquatic plant Wolffia arrhiza

Radiobiological effects of single cosmic heavy ions on individual, actively metabolizing test organisms, plants of Wolffia arrhiza, have been explored in an experiment flown aboard the Russian Biosatellite 10. Mortality induced during space flight, population dynamics during subsequent cultivation, and morphological anomalies occurring in the plants of these cultures were investigated. Correlation of these effects with the passage of a heavy ion was achieved by inserting monolayers of plants in a stack of surrounding plastic nuclear track detectors (BIO-STACK). Enhanced initial mortality and delayed decline of induced anomalies have been significantly associated with the passage of single heavy ions, in particular if ions penetrated the budding region of the plants. The prolonged persistence of anomalies in filial generations as an indication of delayed genetic damage has been detected for the first time as the consequence of the hit by a single heavy ion. Regarding radiation protection of space crew during prolonged missions, especially outside the magnetosphere, this appears to be a significant finding.     

渐变体微波散射截面的计算

对具有二维周期性结构特点的大尺寸金属渐变体,首先采用矩量法计算渐变体单元的散射场,然后利用天线阵列技术求解整个渐变体的雷达散射截面RCS (Radar Cross Section),既保证一定的计算精度,又解决计算量大以及单元间耦合的难题.推导了相关的数学公式,在线极化平面波入射情况下,分别给出了单个和多个金属渐变角锥电磁散射截面的计算例子,计算结果与商用软件HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator)计算得到的结果相吻合,计算用时大大少于HFSS的计算时间,表明介绍的方法在工程运用上是可行的.      

激光选区熔化成形Ti6Al4V合金的热处理组织演变机理

激光选区熔化(SLM)Ti6Al4V成形构件需要通过热处理改善其塑性。为探究该过程中的组织特征和演变机理,研究了Ti6Al4V试样固溶时效热处理(910℃/8 h水冷,750℃/4 h炉冷)前后的微观形貌和力学性能。结果表明:沉积态的马氏体α′相尺寸具有层次结构;热处理相变时初生马氏体α′发生分解,小尺寸马氏体α′转变为β相,随后发生β→(α+β)转变,最后得到α相片层和精细(α+β)相结构均匀分布的组织;热处理后材料抗拉强度达1 055 MPa,延伸率提升至16.2%,均优于典型Ti6Al4V合金拉伸性能。采取的热处理技术对Ti6Al4V组织调控成效显著,满足后续工艺要求,可在激光选区熔化成形双相钛合金中推广应用。