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861.
The purpose of this study was to methodologically explore the links among social support, gender, age, prior experience, leader/follower status, and leadership effectiveness noted in previous accounts from Antarctic stations. Data for this study were collected from volunteers involved in Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions conducted from 1996 to 2001. Multilevel analysis revealed that most of the variance in perceptions of social support was at the individual level (71%). Perceptions of social support had less variance at the group level (29%) and little variance at the weekly level. At the group level, the explanatory variables we examined included leadership effectiveness, gender similarity, and age similarity. At the individual level, the explanatory variables we examined included age, gender, prior experience, and leader/follower status. An interaction between gender and leader/follower status contributed to a significant model of variation in perceptions of social support. 相似文献
862.
In an effort to standardize evaluations of agency communications with stakeholders, a recent NASA report outlined the need to consider metrics that could be used to measure effectiveness over time by monitoring communications output and examining the outcome of communication activities. While evaluating agency communications in this way seems straightforward, actually carrying out such an evaluation is fraught with potential problems. This is especially true of communications surrounding risky or stigmatized activities, as evaluations of this type may lead to an overemphasis on negative participant reactions and an obscuring of those areas where competent work is being done. To help avoid this, an alternative is to conduct evaluations of the process involved in creating agency communications, rather than people's reactions to the communication programs themselves. Adopting this approach de-emphasizes the supposed requirement for researchers to correlate an individual or group's behavior with comprehension or agreement with agency communications. This paper outlines 5 criteria for such a process and discusses them in the context of an evaluation of the risk communication program surrounding the Cassini mission to Saturn. 相似文献
863.
Nicholas L. Johnson 《Space Policy》1999,15(3):203
The geosynchronous orbital regime has long been recognized as a unique space resource, dictating special measures to ensure its continuing use for future generations. During the past 20 yr a variety of national and international policies have been developed to preserve this environment. A review of current practices involving the deployment and disposal of geosynchronous spacecraft, associated upper stages and apogee kick motors, and geosynchronous orbit transfer objects indicates both positive and negative trends. Most spacecraft operators are indeed performing end-of-mission maneuvers, but the boost altitudes normally fall short of policy guidelines. Russia, a major operator in geosynchronous orbit, maneuvers only 1 in 3 spacecraft out of the region, while China has never retired a spacecraft above GEO. The viability of voluntary protection measures for this regime depends upon the responsible actions of the aerospace community as a whole. 相似文献
864.
L. L. Regel 《Space Science Reviews》1988,48(1-2):169-186
This paper is a review dealing with recent publications on theoretical and experimental investigations on space materials science under lower gravity. The importance of the results obtained by the present time and the wide perspectives for future investigations in this field are outlined. 相似文献
865.
A method of wavefront analysis is used to analyze the formation of shock waves in a two-dimensional steady supersonic flow past plane and axisymmetric bodies in radiative magnetogasdynamics. The gas is assumed to be perfectly conducting and to be permeated by a magnetic field orthogonal to the trajectories of the gas particles. The medium is taken to be sufficiently hot for the effects of thermal radiation to be significant, which is treated by the optically thin approximation to the radiative transfer equation. Transport equations, which lead to the determination of the distance at which the first characteristic could intersect with a successive one and also to conditions, which insure that no shock will ever evolve on the wave front, are derived. The effect of upstream flow Mach number and the magnetic field strength on the behavior of the wavefront are examined. 相似文献
866.
Negative effect of cosmic ray particles is a serious danger for astronauts and onboard equipment. When planning interplanetary flights it becomes one of the main obstacles. The aim of this work is to analyze currently available methods of protecting spacecraft against cosmic rays using magnetic fields and to choose the most effective method. Three variants of protection systems were considered, two of which had been described in scientific literature: with azimuth and axial magnetic filed. The third, more general method (with helical magnetic field) is suggested here for the first time. The first two variants are extreme special cases of the third one. The exact solution is obtained for the problem of motion of a charged relativistic particle in the helical magnetic field, and a criterion of particle reflection is determined. A comparative analysis of reflection characteristics of the chosen systems has been performed, and the conclusion about the optimal configuration of the magnetic protection is drawn. 相似文献
867.
The importance of viscous effects on the impact cratering process has been investigated. The shock wave front region was characterized by the balance of inertia and viscous forces (Reynolds number 1), and by a continuous distribution of all thermodynamic quantities. The width of the shock wave front region and its flow properties were then related to the impact particle size and velocity, and to the target material properties. Experimental data for aluminum demonstrated that cratering characteristics were changed when the impact particle size was the same order of magnitude as the shock wave front region. An analytical model was developed for cratering dominated by this “viscous” flow. Results from this model indicate a substantial decrease in crater radius and increase in crater surface temperature when compared with inviscid analysis. In addition, a new test method was identified to evaluate the viscosity of solids. 相似文献
868.
Talas M Batkai L Stoger I Nagy K Hiros L Konstantinova I Rykova M Mozgovaya I Guseva O Kozharinov V 《Acta Astronautica》1984,11(7-8):379-386
The results of the biological space experiment \"Interferon\" performed by two international cosmonaut teams (26 May 1980, and 16 May 1981) aboard space laboratory Solyut-6 are reported: (1) Human lymphocytes separated from blood of healthy donors and placed into \"Interferon I\" equipment could be kept for 7 days in suspension culture under spaceflight conditions. Interferon production could be induced in human lymphocytes by preparations of different origin: virus, synthetic polyribonucleotides, bacterial protein and plant pigment. An increased lymphocyte interferon production in space laboratory compared to ground control was observed. (2) Human interferon preparations and interferon inducers placed in space laboratory at room temperature for 7 days maintained their biological activity. (3) A decrease of induced interferon production and natural killer activity of lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood of cosmonauts was observed on the 1st day on Earth after 7-days spaceflight. 相似文献
869.
R.L. Harvey 《Acta Astronautica》1980,7(10):1191-1211
Using a baseline design for a 30/20 GHz system, this paper addresses the critical technical issues of signal waveform design, projected spacecraft technology, satellite launch options and satellite cost. With DPCM (differential pulse-coded modulation) video signal encoding, 32 Mb/s user-to-user data rate per channel, 10% overhead, two orthogonal polarizations, and crosstalk loss limited to 1 dB, TFM (tamed frequency modulation—a type of QPSK) permits about 75 channels/GHz of frequency allocation, i.e. about twice the capacity possible with MSK or SFSK (types of QPSK). The BOM (beginning of mission) weight and power of a baseline 400-channel multi-beam satellite is about 1800 kg and 5000 W. Each 35 Mb/s channel can support 1–10 video channels depending on the signal processing at the ground terminals. These weight and power estimates assume hardened digital logic, composite material for a multibeam antenna structure, high-efficiency solar cells (45 W/kg), NiH2 batteries and 10W/20 GHz power amplifiers. If more speculative late-1980s solar cell technology is assumed, then the BOM weight decreases about 10–15%. Using the Space Transportation System being developed by NASA, geosynchronous deployment options are shown as a function of communications capacity. Based on a cost model for large communication satellites, the total space segment cost of two active satellites and one spare would be about $485M. This system would have a peak capacity of 14 Gb/s or 400-35 Mb/s simultaneous one-way channels. Demonstration and/or initial system (ground plus space) costs would be significantly less. It is concluded that the above baseline satellite appears to be technically feasible in the late-1980s. 相似文献
870.
This paper discusses the performance and sensitivity of a maximum-likelihood length estimation algorithm which was originally developed to estimate the separation between unresolved point scatterers. It shows that when the two-scatterer target model is valid, the algorithm reliably estimates lengths shorter than the Rayleigh limit provided that the strength of no third interior scatterer (or its equivalent created by a few very closely spaced scatterers) is greater than the geometric mean of the strengths of the fore and aft scatterers. 相似文献