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71.
Accurate estimations of the health risks to astronauts due to space radiation exposure are necessary for future lunar and Mars missions. Space radiation consists of solar particle events (SPEs), comprised largely of medium energy protons (less than several hundred MeV); and galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which include high-energy protons and heavy ions. While the frequency distribution of SPEs depends strongly upon the phase within the solar activity cycle, the individual SPE occurrences themselves are random in nature. A solar modulation model has been developed for the temporal characterization of the GCR environment, which is represented by the deceleration potential, ?. The risk of radiation exposure to astronauts as well as to hardware from SPEs during extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) or in lightly shielded vehicles is a major concern for radiation protection. To support the probabilistic risk assessment for EVAs, which could be up to 15% of crew time2 on lunar missions, we estimated the probability of SPE occurrence as a function of solar cycle phase using a non-homogeneous Poisson model [1] to fit the historical database of measurements of protons with energy>30 MeV, Φ30. The resultant organ doses and dose equivalents, as well as effective whole body doses, for acute and cancer risk estimations are analyzed for a conceptual habitat module and for a lunar rover during space missions of defined durations. This probabilistic approach to radiation risk assessment from SPE and GCR is in support of mission design and operational planning for future manned space exploration missions. 相似文献
72.
73.
D. G. Mitchell L. J. Lanzerotti C. K. Kim M. Stokes G. Ho S. Cooper A. Ukhorskiy J. W. Manweiler S. Jaskulek D. K. Haggerty P. Brandt M. Sitnov K. Keika J. R. Hayes L. E. Brown R. S. Gurnee J. C. Hutcheson K. S. Nelson C. M. Hammock N. Paschalidis E. Rossano S. Kerem 《Space Science Reviews》2013,179(1-4):309-309
74.
Sheetal P. Karia JeongHeon Kim Abimbola O. Afolayan Tien I. Lin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2019,63(6):1949-1960
The ionospheric Nighttime Winter Anomaly (NWA) is a feature observed in the Northern Hemisphere at the American and in the Southern Hemisphere at the Asian longitude sector under low solar activity conditions. Jakowski et al. (2015) analyzed ground-based GPS derived TEC and peak electron density data from radio occultation measurements on Formosat-3/COSMIC satellites and confirmed the persistence of the phenomenon. Further, they assumed that Mid-latitude Summer Nighttime Anomaly (MSNA) and related special anomalies such as the Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA) and the Okhotsk Sea Anomaly (OSA) are closely related to the NWA via enhanced wind-induced uplifting of the ionosphere. The aim of this paper is to study the factors causing these anomalies and also to investigate if these anomalies are re-produced by IRI. The results show that IRI model does include the NWA effect, though at a different longitude and could be improved for better predictions. The IRI-2016 model does show WSA in TEC but not in NmF2. Further, the IRI-2016 model could clearly predict the OSA both in NmF2 and TEC. 相似文献
75.
Myung-Hee Y. Kim Garry D. Qualls Tony C. Slaba Francis A. Cucinotta 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
For the evaluation of organ dose and dose equivalent of astronauts on space shuttle and the International Space Station (ISS) missions, the CAMERA models of CAM (Computerized Anatomical Male) and CAF (Computerized Anatomical Female) of human tissue shielding have been implemented and used in radiation transport model calculations at NASA. One of new human geometry models to meet the “reference person” of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is based on detailed Voxel (volumetric and pixel) phantom models denoted for male and female as MAX (Male Adult voXel) and FAX (Female Adult voXel), respectively. We compared the CAM model predictions of organ doses to those of MAX model, since the MAX model represents the male adult body with much higher fidelity than the CAM model currently used at NASA. Directional body-shielding mass was evaluated for over 1500 target points of MAX for specified organs considered to be sensitive to the induction of stochastic effects. Radiation exposures to solar particle event (SPE), trapped protons, and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) were assessed at the specific sites in the MAX phantom by coupling space radiation transport models with the relevant body-shielding mass. The development of multiple-point body-shielding distributions at each organ made it possible to estimate the mean and variance of organ doses at the specific organ. For the estimate of doses to the blood forming organs (BFOs), data on active marrow distributions in adult were used to weight the bone marrow sites over the human body. The discrete number of target points of MAX organs resulted in a reduced organ dose and dose equivalent compared to the results of CAM organs especially for SPE, and should be further investigated. Differences of effective doses between the two approaches were found to be small (<5%) for GCR. 相似文献
76.
Analytical and numerical approaches of a solar array thermal analysis in a low-earth orbit satellite
Hui Kyung Kim Cho Young Han 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
This paper researches the thermal analysis of a fixed-type solar array in a low-earth orbit satellite through both an analytical method with a simplified thermal model and a numerical method with a detailed thermal model. 相似文献
77.
Changsub Shim Jiyoun Hong Jinkyu Hong Youngwook Kim Minseok Kang Bindu Malla Thakuri Yongwon Kim Junghwa Chun 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
Moderate Resolution Imaging Radiometer (MODIS) gross primary productivity (GPP) has been used widely to study the global carbon cycle associated with terrestrial ecosystems. The retrieval of the current MODIS productivity with a 1 × 1 km2 resolution has limitations when presenting subgrid scale processes in terrestrial ecosystems, specifically when forests are located in mountainous areas, and shows heterogeneity in vegetation type due to intensive land use. Here, we evaluate MODIS GPP (MOD17) at Gwangneung deciduous forest KoFlux tower (deciduous forest; GDK) for 2006–2010 in Korea, where the forests comprise heterogeneous vegetation cover over complex terrain. The monthly MODIS GPP data overestimated the GDK measurements in a range of +15% to +34% and was fairly well correlated (R = 0.88) with the monthly variability at GDK during the growing season. In addition, the MODIS data partly represented the sharp GPP reduction during the Asian summer monsoon (June–September) when intensive precipitation considerably reduces solar radiation and disturbs the forest ecosystem. To examine the influence of subgrid scale heterogeneity on GPP estimates over the MODIS scale, the individual vegetation type and its area within a corresponding MODIS pixel were identified using a national forest type map (∼71-m spatial resolution), and the annual GPP in the same area as the MODIS pixel was estimated. This resulted in a slight reduction in the positive MODIS bias by ∼10%, with a high degree of uncertainty in the estimation. The MODIS discrepancy for GDK suggests further investigation is necessary to determine the MODIS errors associated with the site-specific aerodynamic and hydrological characteristics that are closely related to the mountainous topography. The accuracy of meteorological variables and the impact of the very cloudy conditions in East Asia also need to be assessed. 相似文献
78.
Huynh Anh Nguyen Le Soojong Pak Myungshin Im Minjin Kim Chae Kyung Sim Luis C. Ho 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
We present medium resolution near-infrared host galaxy spectra of low redshift quasars, PG 0844+349 (z = 0.064), PG 1226+023 (z = 0.158), and PG 1426+015 (z = 0.086). The observations were done by using the Infrared Camera and Spectrograph (IRCS) at the Subaru 8.2 m telescope. The full width at half maximum of the point spread function was about 0.3 arcsec by operations of an adaptive optics system, which can effectively resolve the quasar spectra from the host galaxy spectra. We spent up to several hours per target and developed data reduction methods to reduce the systematic noises of the telluric emissions and absorptions. From the obtained spectra, we identified absorption features of Mg I (1.503 μm), Si I (1.589 μm) and CO (6-3) (1.619 μm), and measured the velocity dispersions of PG 0844+349 to be 132 ± 110 km s−1 and PG 1426+015 to be 264 ± 215 km s−1. By using an MBH–σ relation of elliptical galaxies, we derived the black hole (BH) mass of PG 0844+349, log(MBH/M⊙)=7.7±5.5 and PG 1426+015,log(MBH/M⊙)=9.0±7.5. These values are consistent with the BH mass values from broad emission lines with an assumption of a virial factor of 5.5. 相似文献
79.
Snyoll Oghim Henzeh Leeghim Donghoon Kim 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2019,63(2):1007-1016
A real-time intercept strategy for spacecraft under the non-uniform gravitational perturbation of Earth is addressed in this paper. To intercept a target spacecraft on general conic sections, an interceptor considered in this work makes use of a thruster propelling the constant thrust which is comparable to unrealistic impulse-type thrust. The perturbation introduces critical dynamic variations of spacecraft orbiting the Earth, which results in a considerable amount of position error of the interceptor at the final intercept point. In order to release the burden of disturbance and make the miss distance between the target and interceptor small, a real-time intercept technique with an optimal intercept algorithm is suggested. The strategy proposed is to obtain an optimized output iteratively for a given time interval with previously obtained optimal values. These parameters are evaluated by the optimal intercept algorithm suggested. Once the optimal velocity change is obtained to satisfy intercept requirements, although the orbital system is perturbed, it is easy to regenerate a new solution by setting the previous solution as new initial guesses. This strategy is employed iteratively until the interceptor meets the target. Several numerical simulations are performed to highlight the proposed real-time strategy for spacecraft intercept missions. 相似文献
80.
M. I. Panasyuk S. I. Svertilov V. V. Bogomolov G. K. Garipov V. O. Barinova A. V. Bogomolov N. N. Veden’kin I. A. Golovanov A. F. Iyudin V. V. Kalegaev P. A. Klimov A. S. Kovtyukh E. A. Kuznetsova V. S. Morozenko O. V. Morozov I. N. Myagkova V. L. Petrov A. V. Prokhorov G. V. Rozhkov E. A. Sigaeva B. A. Khrenov I. V. Yashin S. I. Klimov D. I. Vavilov V. A. Grushin T. V. Grechko V. V. Khartov V. A. Kudryashov S. V. Bortnikov P. V. Mzhel’skiy A. P. Papkov S. V. Krasnopeev V. V. Krug V. E. Korepanov S. Belyaev A. Demidov Ch. Ferenz L. Bodnar P. Szegedi H. Rotkel M. Moravskiy Il Park Jin-A Jeon Ji-In Kim Jik Lee 《Cosmic Research》2016,54(5):343-350
We present the first experimental results on the observation of optical transients, gamma-ray bursts, relativistic electrons, and electromagnetic waves obtained during the experiment with the RELEC complex of scientific equipment on the Vernov satellite. 相似文献