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621.
T. Kohno K. Munakata T. Imai M. Matsuoka 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(12):75-78
A computer simulation was carried out to evaluate the basic characteristics of a Δ E×E cosmic ray telescope consisting of 23 solid state detectors including 3 position sensitive detectors with large effective area. Based on the simulation, the geometric factor of the telescope is deduced to be as large as 22.5 cm2sr, almost independent of charge and energy concerned. The energy ranges to be covered by the telescope are, for example, 18–98 MeV/n for Li and 56–339 MeV/n for Fe. By analyzing simulated data, the mass resolution for iron in the overall energy range covered by the telescope is estimated as about 0.22 amu in standard deviation. The expected counting rates and mass-histograms are simulated for Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. 相似文献
622.
V.E. Zuev S.I. Kavkyanov G.M. Krekov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(6):81-85
A single-frequency lidar, using aerosol scattering as an informative component, is the simplest and reliable facility for remote sensing of the atmosphere. The information on vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol which can be obtained using such a lidar is necessary for investigating the physics of atmospheric processes and forecast of optical state of the atmosphere. At the same time, the interpretation of data on single-frequency sounding is associated with some difficulties of fundamental character, mainly due to insufficient software of the experiment. Under such conditions the problems of optimal processing of lidar returns aiming at extracting the useful information on aerosol are of great importance, especially if one takes into account the hindering effects of atmospheric background and optical noises. This paper presents a statistical approach to this problem, and the possibilities of single-frequency sounding from space are analyzed. 相似文献
623.
624.
G R Petersen P K Seshan E H Dunlop 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(8):185-193
The operation and evaluation of a bioreactor designed for high intensity oxygen transfer in a microgravity environment is described. The reactor itself consists of a zero headspace liquid phase separated from the air supply by a long length of silicone rubber tubing through which the oxygen diffuses in and the carbon dioxide diffuses out. Mass transfer studies show that the oxygen is film diffusion controlled both externally and internally to the tubing and not by diffusion across the tube walls. Methods of upgrading the design to eliminate these resistances are proposed. Cell growth was obtained in the fermenter using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing that this concept is capable of sustaining cell growth in the terrestrial [correction of terrestial] simulation. 相似文献
625.
G.J. Nagy D.N. Severov V.A. Pshennikov M. De los Santos J.J. Lagomarsino K. Sans E.G. Morozov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(11):1876-1881
This paper deals with the application of SeaWIFS images to characterize spatial and temporal variability of fronts in the Rio de la Plata estuarine system over the period 2000–2003. We aim to depict the relationship between river outflow and variability of fronts’ loci on monthly to ENSO-related timescales and the influence of the winds along Rio de la Plata (axial winds) on the abrupt changes in frontal dynamics over synoptic timescales. During the studied period both La Niña (July 1999–June 2000) and El Niño (April 2002–May 2003) events induced significant displacements of fronts. Three distinct fronts were analyzed between river, estuarine, coastal and marine waters of the Rio de la Plata: Main Turbidity Front, Main Marine Front, and Secondary Marine Front. Their number, location and separation seem to be mainly related to river outflow and second, to fresh (>8 m/s) axial winds. During low discharge periods (i.e. summer time and/or La Niña events) these winds induce abrupt changes in the location of fronts (100–200 km) and greater separation between them over synoptic timescale, whereas during high river discharge or ENSO years some of the variability of fronts location is explained by the river’s outflow fluctuations, especially by the high variability of the River Uruguay discharge. 相似文献
626.
S. Guo X. LiuW. Ai Y. TangJ. Zhu X. WangM. Wei L. QinY. Yang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(5):736-741
Based on a formerly developed ground-based prototype of space plant-growing facility, the development of its improved prototype has been finished, so as to make its operating principle better adapt to the space microgravity environment. According to the developing experience of its first generation prototype and detailed demonstration and design of technique plan, its blueprint design and machining of related components, whole facility installment, debugging and trial operations were all done gradually. Its growing chamber contains a volume of about 0.5 m3 and a growing area of approximate 0.5 m2; the atmospheric environmental parameters in the growing chamber and water content in the growing media were controlled totally and effectively; lighting source is a combination of both red and blue light emitting diodes (LED). The following demonstrating results showed that the entire system design of the prototype is reasonable and its operating principle can nearly meet the requirements of space microgravity environment. Therefore, our plant-growing technique in space was advanced further, which laid an important foundation for next development of the space plant-growing facility and plant-cultivating experimental research in space microgravity condition. 相似文献
627.
S.P. Teng Y.K. Chen K.S. Cheng H.C. Lo 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(11):1744-1754
Remote sensing images and technologies have been widely applied to environmental monitoring, in particular landuse/landcover classification and change detection. However, the uncertainties involved in such applications have not been fully addressed. In this paper two hypothesis-test-based change detection methods, namely the bivariate joint distribution method and the conditional distribution method, are proposed to tackle the uncertainties in change detection by making decisions based on the desired level of significance. Both methods require a data set of class-dependent no-change pixels to form the basis for class-dependent hypothesis test. Using an exemplar study area in central Taiwan, performance of the proposed methods are shown to be significantly superior to two other commonly applied methods (the post-classification comparison and the image differencing methods) in terms of the overall change detection accuracies. The conditional distribution method takes into consideration the correlation between digital numbers of the pre- and post-images and the effect of the known pre-image digital number on the range of the post-image digital number, and therefore yields the highest change detection accuracy. It is also demonstrated that the class-dependent change detection is crucial for accurate landuse/landcover change detection. 相似文献
628.
Yu.K. Chasovitin V.B. Shushkova T.N. Sykilinda P.F. Denisenko V.V. Sotsky N.E. Shejdakov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(7):21-24
Our empirical model of electron density (ne) for quiet and weakly disturbed geomagnetic conditions (Kp not greater 4) takes account of comparative analysis of existing models and of experimental data obtained by rockets and incoherent scatter radar. The model describes the ne distribution in the 80 to 200 km height range at low and middle latitudes, and to some extent, in the subauroral region. It is presented in analytical form thus allowing one to calculate electron density profiles for any time. The electron density distribution at 140 km depends on the season (day of the year) and on the solar zenith angle. Profile variations during the day are for one season shown. Different from other models, ours specifies the variations during sunrise and sunset and reflects the particular profile shape at night admitting the occurrence of an intermediate layer. 相似文献
629.
An error covariance analysis of a two-dimensional Karhunen-Loeve random field estimator (KLE) for gridded gravity data is presented without actually using the data. Attention is focused particularly on the north-south deflection component of the disturbance vector so that the rms value of its residual error may not exceed 3 percent of the signal rms for grid spacing of not less than 5 nm, when signal-to-noise ratio in the data is varied within reasonable limits. To achieve this rather stringent goal, a discrete KLE derived entirely from a two-dimensional grid configuration is needed. The KLE for geodesy applications was developed initially by Bose. Using continuous measurements and the orthogonality relations of the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) eigenvectors in a continuous domain, continuous KL gain coefficients ?mnj and consequently the continuous KL gain vector Kmn were obtained; thus a satisfactory continuous KLE was achieved. However the discrete version of the KLE was then given by keeping the old (continuous) ?mnj, and simply computing the KL eigenvectors on the grid coordinates to evaluate the discrete KL gain vector Kmn. Clearly this is not a satisfactory discrete KLE since , ?mnj are not constants but rather depend on the measurement noise variances. So if the measurements are now going to be discrete, one must rederive ?mnj for this situation. 相似文献
630.
J. Heise J.A.M. Bleeker A.C. Brinkman E. Gronenschild F. Paerels M. Grewing C. Wulf-Mathies K. Beuerman 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(3):61-64
EXOSAT has observed 19 hot white dwarfs with alleged strong soft X-ray emission. Positive detection of a large fraction of this sample was obtained, among these practically all hot DA dwarfs. High-resolution spectral data, acquired with the 500 1/mm grating spectrometer, indicates no traces of He in the atmosphere of HZ43, i.e. n(He)/n(H) ? 10?5 at a photospheric temperature of 60000 K (log g = 8). In contrast, the hot DA1 dwarf Feige 24 shows the presence of an appreciable He-abundance (n(He)/n(H) ? 10?3); however no simple homogeneously mixed H/He atmosphere can explain the observed spectral shape. 相似文献