Studies of Comets in the Ultraviolet: The Past and the Future

The remote sensing of comets in the ultraviolet bandpass has been a valuable tool for studying the structure, composition, variability, and physical processes at work in cometary comae. By extension, these studies of comae have revealed key insights into the composition of cometary nuclei. Here we briefly review the ultraviolet studies of comets, and then take a look toward the future of such work as anticipated by the advent of several key new instruments. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spectroscopic Constraints on Models of Ion-cyclotron Resonance Heating in the Polar Solar Corona

Using empirical velocity distributions derived from UVCS and SUMER ultraviolet spectroscopy, we construct theoretical models of anisotropic ion temperatures in the polar solar corona. The primary energy deposition mechanism we investigate is the dissipation of high frequency (10-10000 Hz) ion-cyclotron resonant Alfvén waves which can heat and accelerate ions differently depending on their charge and mass. We find that it is possible to explain the observed high perpendicular temperatures and strong anisotropies with relatively small amplitudes for the resonant waves. There is suggestive evidence for steepening of the Alfvén wave spectrum between the coronal base and the largest heights observed spectroscopically. Because the ion-cyclotron wave dissipation is rapid, even for minor ions like O⁵⁺, the observed extended heating seems to demand a constantly replenished population of waves over several solar radii. This indicates that the waves are generated gradually throughout the wind rather than propagated up from the base of the corona. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Analytic expansions of luni-solar gravity perturbations along rotating axes for trajectory optimization—Part 2: The multipliers system and simulations

An efficient self-contained trajectory optimization software is generated by making use of de Pontécoulant's analytic lunar theory removing the need for an outside third body ephemeris program to compute the lunar and solar position vectors at each integration step. The accelerations being further resolved along the rotating Euler–Hill frame after expansion to third order in the spacecraft radial distance, the adjoint differential equations are derived in a direct manner complementing the generation of the dynamic system of equations for full compatibility. Because the variation of parameters equations are cast in terms of the nonsingular equinoctial elements with the perturbation accelerations resolved in their analytic form along the rotating axes, the adjoint equations are also derived in the same manner providing a highly efficient and accurate system of equations for rapid computations in conjunction with Aerospace Corporation's NLP2 nonlinear programming codes to search for the initial values of the multipliers that steer the spacecraft towards its target orbit in minimum time. Numerical simulations show that the solutions obtained by the analysis developed in this paper are essentially identical to the more indirect approach based on the use of inertial accelerations obtained from a separate ephemeris generator and subsequent conversions to the thrust frame and equinoctial system.     

Small satellite access of the Space Network

Small satellites have been perceived as having limited access to NASA's Space Network (SN). The potential for satellite access of the Space Network when the design utilizes a fixed antenna configuration and low-power, coded transmission is analyzed. From the analysis, satellites using this configuration in high-inclination orbits are shown to have a daily data throughput in the 100 to 1000 Mbit range using the multiple access communications service     

Transformation of the Spectrum of a Signal in Communication between Relativistically Moving Inertial Frames

Future space exploration may involve communications between spacecraft moving at relativistic velocities. One of the significant problems associated with such communication is spectral distortion of signals which are propagated between relativistic frames. This distortion is generated by both changing propagation distances and purely relativistic electromagnetic field transformations. In this paper a linear integral transformation is formulated for relating the Fourier spectra of the source antenna excitation current and the resulting incident electric field at the receiving antenna. The kernel of the transformation is evaluated for the case of a steerable source antenna tracking on the advanced receiver position. The transformation is then applied to the case of an ideal thin-wire half-wave dipole source antenna excited by a narrowband, double-sideband modulated current. The specific distortions of spectral spreading and translation are then related to increased bandwidth and upper cutoff frequency requirements of receiving systems in relativistic applications.     

Total Value Concepts in the Contract Definition Phase

For large military R&D Projects, Contract Definition type contracts are meeting the cost-effectiveness challenge by an intensive study of the total value considerations in a project before it starts. This has extended the application of total value concepts throughout all project activities and broadened their scope. Total value concepts are discussed and applied to various aspects of system effectiveness. The effects of configuration, reliability, and system availability upon overall costs are considered, and cost vs. performance optimization curves are shown. Practical measures of service life are calculated. Break-even curves relating acquisition and operational costs are shown. A decision matrix method for assessing system value is included. A case study graphically showing the effects of value considerations on a typical radar antenna tower is contained in the paper.     

Wave resistance defect in a planar flow over periodic reliefs

The dependence of the wave resistance coefficients for planar periodic reliefs on the similarity parameters is investigated. It is proved that the wave resistance coefficients of the infinite reliefs and their finite analogs in the case of the whole wave numbers coincide, whereas in the case of the fractional wave numbers they differ.     

The effect of geocenter motion on Jason-2 orbits and the mean sea level

We compute a series of Jason-2 GPS and SLR/DORIS-based orbits using ITRF2005 and the std0905 standards ( Lemoine et al., 2010). Our GPS and SLR/DORIS orbit data sets span a period of 2 years from cycle 3 (July 2008) to cycle 74 (July 2010). We extract the Jason-2 orbit frame translational parameters per cycle by the means of a Helmert transformation between a set of reference orbits and a set of test orbits. We compare the annual terms of these time-series to the annual terms of two different geocenter motion models where biases and trends have been removed. Subsequently, we include the annual terms of the modeled geocenter motion as a degree-1 loading displacement correction to the GPS and SLR/DORIS tracking network of the POD process. Although the annual geocenter motion correction would reflect a stationary signal in time, under ideal conditions, the whole geocenter motion is a non-stationary process that includes secular trends. Our results suggest that our GSFC Jason-2 GPS-based orbits are closely tied to the center of mass (CM) of the Earth consistent with our current force modeling, whereas GSFC’s SLR/DORIS-based orbits are tied to the origin of ITRF2005, which is the center of figure (CF) for sub-secular scales. We quantify the GPS and SLR/DORIS orbit centering and how this impacts the orbit radial error over the globe, which is assimilated into mean sea level (MSL) error, from the omission of the annual term of the geocenter correction. We find that for the SLR/DORIS std0905 orbits, currently used by the oceanographic community, only the negligence of the annual term of the geocenter motion correction results in a – 4.67 ± 3.40 mm error in the Z-component of the orbit frame which creates 1.06 ± 2.66 mm of systematic error in the MSL estimates, mainly due to the uneven distribution of the oceans between the North and South hemisphere.     

Onboard Pilot and Remote Copilot for Aviation Safety, Security & Cost Reduction

The 21^st Century Aviation System can reduce the cost of flying, while substantially increasing the safety and security of cargo and carrier aircraft with an onboard pilot/s and a remote copilot residing in a secure ground-based simulator.     

A technique of analyzing critical forces and moments for isotropic rods of arbitrary cross-section in the general case of their complex resistance

The derivation of parametric equations for a limiting surface in the space of internal forces and moments that act in the rod cross-sections, using the basic concepts of plasticity theory and conventional hypotheses of the rod theory, is presented. The plastic properties of rod material are described by the Mises criterion. A case of small displacements and strains under static simple loading is considered. The results of solving a number of problems of constructing limiting curves in the planes of internal forces and moments are given.