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Karl-Heinz Glassmeier Jan Grosser Uli Auster Dragos Constantinescu Yasuhito Narita Stephan Stellmach 《Space Science Reviews》2007,132(2-4):511-527
Embedded in a large mass density and strong interplanetary magnetic field solar wind environment and equipped with a magnetic
field of minor strength, planet Mercury exhibits a small magnetosphere vulnerable to severe solar wind buffeting. This causes
large variations in the size of the magnetosphere and its associated currents. External fields are of far more importance
than in the terrestrial case and of a size comparable to any internal, dynamo-generated field. Induction effects in the planetary
interior, dominated by its huge core, are thought to play a much more prominent role in the Hermean magnetosphere compared
to any of its companions. Furthermore, the external fields may cause planetary dynamo amplification much as discussed for
the Galilean moons Io and Ganymede, but with the ambient field generated by the dynamo and its magnetic field-solar wind interaction. 相似文献
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Morphological, compositional, and biological evidence indicates the presence of numerous well-developed microbial hyphae structures distributed within four different sample splits of the Nakhla meteorite obtained from the British Museum (allocation BM1913,25). By examining depth profiles of the sample splits over time, morphological changes displayed by the structures were documented, as well as changes in their distribution on the samples, observations that indicate growth, decay, and reproduction of individual microorganisms. Biological staining with DNA-specific molecular dyes followed by epifluorescence microscopy showed that the hyphae structures contain DNA. Our observations demonstrate the potential of microbial interaction with extraterrestrial materials, emphasize the need for rapid investigation of Mars return samples as well as any other returned or impactor-delivered extraterrestrial materials, and suggest the identification of appropriate storage conditions that should be followed immediately after samples retrieved from the field are received by a handling/curation facility. The observations are further relevant in planetary protection considerations as they demonstrate that microorganisms may endure and reproduce in extraterrestrial materials over long (at least 4 years) time spans. The combination of microscopy images coupled with compositional and molecular staining techniques is proposed as a valid method for detection of life forms in martian materials as a first-order assessment. Time-resolved in situ observations further allow observation of possible (bio)dynamics within the system. 相似文献
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Jan Laštovička 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(4):61-64
The MAP/WINE winter 1983/84 is studied using the LF-MF-HF A3 absorption and 5 kHz atmospherics observed in Czechoslovakia and some other data. The “normal” winter anomaly in Central Europe is developed well in this winter (maximum in mid-January) and appears to be “free of geomagnetic contamination”. The stratospheric warming activity and related changes of prevailing zonal wind in the lower thermosphere in February and March 1984 are followed by decreases of absorption of radio waves. It agrees with our results from preceding winters /1/. 相似文献
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A series of workshops designed to make up for the lack of high-level, informal discussion of European space policy has been running—with a gap during formulation of the EC Green/White Paper on this subject—since September 2002. In view of the progress made in establishing a coherent European strategy, and of various other recent events, such as China's entry into the human spaceflight field, the organizers intend not only to continue the series but also to establish a more permanent, research-oriented European Space Policy Foundation (ESPF). Following a report on the proceedings of the third workshop, held in September 2003, which covered developing an overall European policy, new applications (Galileo and GMES) and human spaceflight, the authors set out a proposal for an ESPF and present the six major research themes it would aim to investigate. 相似文献
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Jan Laštovička 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2021,67(1):2-8
The problem of optimum solar proxy is important for long-term and/or climatological studies of ionospheric parameters. Here we focus on possibly different optimum solar proxies for different ionospheric parameters, as they are affected by partly different spectral ranges of solar ionizing radiation. We use yearly average values of foF2 and foE of four European stations with long (1976–2014) and high-quality data (Juliusruh, Pruhonice, Rome, Slough/Chilton), and the global total electron content (G-TEC). Four solar proxies are used: F10.7, Mg II, solar Lymna-alpha flux Fα and sunspot numbers. The most important finding is that the optimum solar proxies are different for different ionospheric parameters. The most suitable solar proxy for foF2 is found to be Mg II, whereas for foE F10.7 evidently outperforms Mg II. Fα and sunspot numbers perform slightly worse but none of four solar proxies performs poorly. F10.7 is favored for G-TEC, to some extent surprisingly, as previous results favored rather Mg II. 相似文献
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The Suprathermal Electron (STE) instrument, part of the IMPACT investigation on both spacecraft of NASA’s STEREO mission, is designed to measure electrons from ~2 to ~100 keV. This is the primary energy range for impulsive electron/3He-rich energetic particle events that are the most frequently occurring transient particle emissions from the Sun, for the electrons that generate solar type III radio emission, for the shock accelerated electrons that produce type II radio emission, and for the superhalo electrons (whose origin is unknown) that are present in the interplanetary medium even during the quietest times. These electrons are ideal for tracing heliospheric magnetic field lines back to their source regions on the Sun and for determining field line lengths, thus probing the structure of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and of the ambient inner heliosphere. STE utilizes arrays of small, passively cooled thin window silicon semiconductor detectors, coupled to state-of-the-art pulse-reset front-end electronics, to detect electrons down to ~2 keV with about 2 orders of magnitude increase in sensitivity over previous sensors at energies below ~20 keV. STE provides energy resolution of ΔE/E~10–25% and the angular resolution of ~20° over two oppositely directed ~80°×80° fields of view centered on the nominal Parker spiral field direction. 相似文献
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