X-ray burst sources — A simple two zone model

With the help of a very simple two zone model, we demonstrate the possibility of periodic thermal relaxation (limit cycle) oscillations in the helium burning envelope of accreting neutron stars. Physically reasonable model parameters can be chosen which yield agreement with the observed features of x-ray bursts and we suggest that this limit cycle is operative in neutron stars which have an accretion rate in a specific range. For hydrogen burning a similar cycle is possible, but it operates at such high temperatures that an unrealistically large accretion rate would be required.     

Ambiguity Resolution for Satellite Doppler Positioning Systems

The implementation of satellite-based Doppler positioning systems frequently requires the recovery of transmitter position from a single pass of Doppler data. The least-squares approach to the problem yieds conjugate solutions on either side of the satellite subtrack. It is important to develop a procedure for choosing the proper solution which is correct in a high percentage of cases. A test for ambiguity resolution which is the most powerful in the sense that it maximizes the probability of a correct decision is derived. When systematic error sources are properly included in the least-squares reduction process to yield an optimal solution the test reduces to choosing the solution which provides the smaller valuation of the least-squares loss function. When systematic error sources are ignored in the least-squares reduction, the most powerful test is a quadratic form compasison with the weighting matrix of the quadratic form obtained by computing the pseudoinverse of a reduced-rank square matrix. A formula for computing the power of the most powerful test is provided. Numerical examples are included in which the power of the test is computed for situations that are relevant to the design of a satellite-aided search and rescue system.     

Dust environment models for comet P/Halley: Support for targeting of the GIOTTO S/C

In March 1985 ESA's GIOTTO spacecraft will fly by P/Halley's nucleus at a distance of a few hundred kilometres. The near nucleus dust environment the probe will traverse poses a hazard with respect to physical damage as well as to attitude disturbance with the possible loss of ground station contact. To predict S/C survivability and dust impact rates for the experiments, a model of the spatial distribution of the dust in the nucleus' vicinity is required. In the ‘dynamic’ model, the local spatial dust density is derived from exact expressions for the dust particle dynamic motion. The model has been implemented in a software system which allows for fast simulations of a cometary fly-by.     

Radiation environments and absorbed dose estimations on manned space missions.

In order to make an assessment of radiation risk during manned missions in space, it is necessary first to have as accurate an estimation as possible of the radiation environment within the spacecraft to which the astronauts will be exposed. Then, with this knowledge and the inclusion of body self-shielding, estimations can be made of absorbed doses for various body organs (skin, eye, blood-forming organs, etc.). A review is presented of our present knowledge of the radiation environments and absorbed doses expected for several space mission scenarios selected for our development of the new radiation protection guidelines. The scenarios selected are a 90-day mission at an altitude (450 km) and orbital inclinations (28.5 degrees, 57 degrees and 90 degrees) appropriate for NASA's Space Station, a 15-day sortie to geosynchronous orbit and a 90-day lunar mission. All scenarios chosen yielded dose equivalents between five and ten rem to the blood forming organs if no large solar particle event were encountered. Such particle events could add considerable exposure particularly to the skin and eye for all scenarios except the one at 28.5 degrees orbital inclination.     

Status of space science and technology — An Australian perspective

The “Tyranny of Distance” has had a profound influence on Australian history and reaction to it has been an important factor in determining national scientific and technological goals. Because of its size and geographical remoteness, Australia is one of the countries to have gained substantially from the applications of space technology particularly in the fields of communications, meteorology and remote sensing. Australia is the fifth largest investor in INTELSAT which carries a major fraction of the nation's overseas telecommunications. A domestic satellite system, AUSSAT, is being acquired to improve telecommunications within the country. Australia is heavily dependent on satellite data for routine meteorological forecasting. Data from the Australian Landsat Station are in strong demand, particularly for mineral exploration. In the field of space science, Australia is collaborating with Canada and the United States in feasibility studies for STARLAB, a free-flying UV-optical one metre telescope proposed for launch by the US Space Shuttle beginning in 1989. These scientific and technological programs in which Australia is participating are all dependent upon the space programs of other nations and in describing the status of space science and technology from an Australian perspective some comments will be made on particular aspects of the space programs of the United States and Japan.     

Effects of the diet on brain function.

The rates of synthesis by brain neurons of the neurotransmitters serotonin, acetylcholine, and the catecholamines depend on the brain levels of the respective precursor molecules. Brain levels of each precursor are influenced by their blood concentration, and for the amino acid precursors, by the blood levels of other amino acids as well. Since diet readily alters blood concentrations of each of these precursors, it thereby also influences the brain formation of their neurotransmitter products.     

Equatorial F-region ionization differences between March and September, 1979

Ionospheric total electron content and the F-region maximum electron density at a number of stations in the equatorial region, during the recent solar activity maximum period 1979 to 1980, show significant differences between the two equinoctial periods. Ionization during the month of March is higher than in September, irrespective of the station location both in northern and southern hemispheres, and in different longitude sectors. The observed pattern is compared with those predicted by different models, in particular with one of the authors which includes processes such as ionization production, loss, electrodynamic drifts, winds and global composition changes involved in the equatorial ionosphere. It is found that a change in the neutral composition is primarily responsible for the observed F-region density differences between March and September.     

Prebiotic synthesis and reactions of nucleosides and nucleotides.

Diiminosuccinonitrile (DISN) has been investigated as a potential prebiotic phosphorylating agent. It is formed readily by the oxidation of diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN), a tetramer of HCN. DISN effects the cyclization of 3'-adenosine monophosphate to adenosine 2',3'-cyclic phosphace in up to 40% yield. The DISN-mediated phosphorylation of uridine to uridine mono-phosphate does not proceed efficiently in aqueous solution. The reaction of DISN and BrCN with uridine-5'-phosphate and uridine results in the formation of 2,2'-anhydronucleotides and 2,2'-anhydronucleosides respectively, and other reaction products resulting from an initial reaction at the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups. The clay mineral catalysis of the cyclization of adenosine-3'-phosphate was investigated using homoionic montmorillonites.     

Planetary radio astronomy from voyager

The Planetary Radio Astronomy instruments on Voyager 1 and 2 provided new, highly detailed measurements of several different kinds of strong, nonthermal radiation generated in the inner magnetospheres and upper ionospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. At Jupiter, an intense decameter-wavelength component (between a few tenths of a MHz and 39.5 MHz) is characterized by complex, highly organized structure in the frequency-time domain and by a strong dependence on the longitude of the observer and, in some cases, of Io. At frequencies below about 1 MHz there exists a (principally) kilometer-wavelength component of emission that is bursty, relatively broadbanded (typically covering 10 to 1000 kHz), and strongly modulated by planetary rotation. The properties of this component are consistent with a source confined to high latitudes on the dayside hemisphere of Jupiter. A second kilometric component is narrow-banded, relatively weak and exhibits a spectral peak near 100 kHz. The narrowband component also occurs periodically but at a repetition rate that is a few percent slower than that corresponding to the planetary rotation rate. This component is thought to originate at a frequency near the electron plasma frequency in the outer part of the Io plasma torus (8 to 10 R_J) and to reflect the small departures from perfect corotation experienced by plasma there.The Voyager instruments also detected intense, low frequency, radio emissions from the Saturn system. The Saturnian kilometric radiation is observed in a relatively narrow frequency band between 3 kHz and 1.2 MHz, is elliptically or circularly polarized, and is strongly modulated in intensity at Saturn's 10.66-hr rotation period. This emission is believed to be emitted in the right-hand extraordinary mode from regions near or in Saturn's dayside, polar, magnetospheric cusps. Variations in intensity at Saturn's rotation period may correspond to the rotation of a localized magnetic anomaly into the vicinity of the ionospheric footprint of the polar cusp. Variations in activity on time scales of a few days and longer seem to indicate that both the solar wind and the satellite Dione can also influence the generation of the radio emission.