We discuss the specific features of the spatiotemporal radio tomography of ionospheric electron density based on the data from high orbiting global navigational satellite system (GNSS). The main peculiarities are four-dimensionality of the problem and essential incompleteness of input data. The approach suggested for the solution of this problem is based on the search for the solution with minimal Sobolev’s norm (the most smooth solution), which provides, in particular, smooth extension of the solution to the area where no input data is available. Methods and algorithms for the solution of the problem are developed, and the resolution of the proposed technique is estimated. Examples of global and regional radio tomographic imaging based on GNSS data are presented. The obtained results are compared with the data of ionosondes and with the results of radio tomography based on the radio transmissions from low-orbiting satellites. 相似文献
Development of a balloon to fly at higher altitudes is one of the most attractive challenges for scientific balloon technologies. After reaching the highest balloon altitude of 53.0 km using the 3.4 μm film in 2002, a thinner balloon film with a thickness of 2.8 μm was developed. A 5000 m3 balloon made with this film was launched successfully in 2004. However, three 60,000 m3 balloons with the same film launched in 2005, 2006, and 2007, failed during ascent. The mechanical properties of the 2.8 μm film were investigated intensively to look for degradation of the ultimate strength and its elongation as compared to the other thicker balloon films. The requirement of the balloon film was also studied using an empirical and a physical model assuming an axis-symmetrical balloon shape and the static pressure. It was found that the film was strong enough. A stress due to the dynamic pressure by the wind shear is considered as the possible reason for the unsuccessful flights. A 80,000 m3 balloon with cap films covering 9 m from the balloon top will be launch in 2011 to test the appropriateness of this reinforcement. 相似文献
A current sheet model with developed medium scale turbulence has been constructed. It is suggested that regular plasma flow in the current sheet is compensated by diffusive flux and plasma mixing, leading to temperature equalization. The analyzed turbulence has the form of electrostatic vortices in which electrons and ions move with the same velocities and hence does not lead to anomalous resistivity and current dissipation. It is possible to determine the plasma pressure dependence on magnetic vector potential and to find the Grad—Shafranov equation solutions. The theory is used to explain the Earth's magnetosphere plasma sheet characteristics. It is taken into account that experimentally observed plasma velocity fluctuations in the Earth's plasma sheet and quiescent prominences are much higher than regular plasma flow velocities. The analysis of turbulent current sheet dynamics after the regular motion weakening allows to construct the prominence formation theory. The decreasing of plasma pressure in the sheet due to diffusion leads to field-aligned plasma flow and plasma tube filling by cold chromospheric plasma by the action of siphon mechanism. 相似文献
Superrotation on Venus is discussed in the context of comparative planetary atmospheres. In our planetary system, the rigid shell component (global average) of superrotation is ubiquitous (Jupiter, Saturn, Earth, Venus, Mars, Titan). The largest equatorial values of the component are between 25 and 150 m/sec. We present a simplified, heuristic analysis, utilizing mixing length theory to describe the small scale non-linear advections of energy and angular momentum, thereby providing a closure of the dynamic system. This leads to the conjecture that the zonal velocity may be crudely estimated by , approximating the observed planetary trends; with c the speed of sound, the parameter a being 1 or 2 for geostrophic or cyclostrophic conditions respectively, Pα an effective Prandtl number which becomes less than one when radiative cooling is important, So the average stability, Γ the adiabatic lapse rate and γ the ratio of specific heats. 相似文献
Space communications urgently need an effective transmission control mechanism. This paper presents an experimental, comparative analysis of window-based transmission control, rate-based transmission control, and a hybrid of the two over error-prone, congestion-free, high-latency, point-to-point space communication links simulated using the space-to-ground link simulation (SGLS) test-bed. The results revealed that the traffic shaping mechanism of rate-based transmission protocol is more effective than the bursting flow of window-based protocol over simulated space communication links with a high error rate and a long link delay. The window-based transmission mechanisms show performance degradation due to traffic bursts and frequent packet retransmissions caused by their acknowledgment (ACK)-clocked transmission control algorithms. Pure rate-control is always preferable to other mechanisms in the simulated congestion-free, error-prone, point-to-point, geostationary-Earth orbit (GEO)-space communication channels, and its advantages become more pronounced when the channel rates are asymmetric. The performance differences come from their different behavior in controlling data transmission. 相似文献
Results on the experimental investigation of a novel open-type mixing device with a twophase bubble structure working fluid for gas-droplet jet formation are presented. We study the effect of mode parameters upon velocity fields and droplet atomization obtained at the mixing device outlet. 相似文献
We present the results of analytical research of flight dynamics for a flight vehicle that is controlled by the adjustable center of mass in the vertical symmetry plane. The roll oscillations, which appear perpendicular to the symmetry plane due to technological errors, are eliminated by means of control rocket engines, for which a control law is assigned. 相似文献
The paper considers the special features of estimating microaccelerations aboard the Foton-M no. 4 spacecraft, which are connected with the decision on cancelling the spacecraft injection from the reference orbit into the operating one. 相似文献
A mechanical model of the line-of-sight stabilization system for the optical device mounted on a movable carrier vehicle is considered. The nonlinear Lagrange equations of motion for a four-axis gimbal suspension are derived. Requirements on design and parameters for the passive line-of-sight shock absorption system of the optoelectronic payload are worked out. 相似文献