液体火箭发动机系统设计仿真与优化

建立了某液体火箭发动机系统设计的仿真模型与相应的多目标优化模型,编制了系统仿真程序,并在iSIGHT的软件平台上针对不同的优化目标对发动机的设计参数进行优化.采用了组合优化策略,结合多岛遗传算法和序列二次规划算法分别进行全局寻优和局部寻优,求得全局最优点.建立了单燃气发生器循环系统的质量模型,在优化过程中考虑了发动机主要部件结构质量对系统性能的影响。以燃烧室压强、混合比和喷管出口反压为设计变量,优化目标包括发动机比冲、有效载荷、结构质量、密度比冲、关机时飞行速度、推进剂综合密度.并根据结果分析了燃烧室压强和混合比对发动机性能的影响.     

Effect of non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Marangoni convection in a fluid with suspended particles

The effect of a non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of convection driven by surface tension in a horizontal layer of a Boussinesq fluid with suspended particles confined between an upper free, constant heat flux boundary and a lower rigid isothermal boundary is considered. The microrotation is assumed to vanish at the boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The Rayleigh–Ritz technique is used to obtain the eigenvalues. The influence of various parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. Six different non-uniform basic state temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed. It is observed that the fluid layer with suspended particles heated from below is more stable compared to the classical fluid layer without suspended particles. The problem has possible applications in microgravity situations.     

绳驱动拟人臂机器人的动力学建模及张力分析

与传统的机械臂相比,绳驱动拟人臂机器人采用串并混联的结构形式,模拟了人手臂肌肉的并联驱动方式,但是,绳索的引入也增加了动力学分析的难度.将绳驱动拟人臂机器人视为基座、大臂、小臂和末端四连杆串联机构,采用迭代牛顿-欧拉法建立动力学方程的递推形式,考虑绳驱动的冗余特性和绳索的单方向受力性,提出基于动态最小预紧力的张力分配算法,求解出各绳索的驱动力.与未进行张力分配的方法及基于静态最小预紧力的方法相比,所提出的算法可使各绳索驱动力根据动态最小预紧力进行实时调节,满足了不同工作条件下机构的刚度要求.     

航天器动力管路热控设计与试验研究

针对某航天器动力系统管路布局分散造成系统温差大、控温难的问题,结合动力管路温度指标要求和边界环境条件,采用以被动热控措施为主、辅以电加热主动热控措施的设计方案。分析确立动力管路的热环境,建立换热模型;通过仿真分析和整器热平衡试验,选取不同工况,验证了动力系统氧化剂管路和燃烧剂管路温度均维持在8～20 ℃范围内的热控设计结果。该方案对各类航天器的动力管路热控设计和分析有一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

UWB radar detection of targets in foliage using alpha-stableclutter models

We address the problem of detection of targets obscured by a forest canopy using an ultrawideband (UWB) radar. The forest clutter observed in the radar imagery is a highly impulsive random process that is more accurately modeled with the recently proposed class of alpha-stable processes as compared with Gaussian, Weibull, and K-distribution models. With this more accurate model, segmentation is performed on the imagery into forest and clear regions. Further, a region-adaptive symmetric alpha stable (SαS) constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detector is introduced and its performance is compared with the Weibull and Gaussian CFAR detectors. The results on real data show that the SαS CFAR performs better than the Weibull and Gaussian CFAR detectors in detecting obscured targets     

电动气阀动态特性及反力因素的影响

建立了电动气阀吸动过程的数学模型并进行了动态特性的数值计算，详细分析了反力因素对电动气阀动态特性的影响。计算结果表明：该阀的衔铁在被触动后能很快地吸到最小气隙处；适当地减小压缩气的入口压力和弹簧预紧力有利于提高电动气阀的响应能力，有利于延长电动气阀的使用寿命。     

Surface characteristics of spacecraft components affect the aggregation of microorganisms and may lead to different survival rates of bacteria on Mars landers

Layers of dormant endospores of Bacillus subtilis HA101 were applied to eight different spacecraft materials and exposed to martian conditions of low pressure (8.5 mbar), low temperature (-10 degrees C), and high CO(2) gas composition and irradiated with a Mars-normal ultraviolet (UV-visible- near-infrared spectrum. Bacterial layers were exposed to either 1 min or 1 h of Mars-normal UV irradiation, which simulated clear-sky conditions on equatorial Mars (0.1 tau). When exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation, the numbers of viable endospores of B. subtilis were reduced three to four orders of magnitude for two brands of aluminum (Al), stainless steel, chemfilm-treated Al, clear-anodized Al, and black-anodized Al coupons. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only one to two orders of magnitude for endospores on the non-metal materials astroquartz and graphite composite when bacterial endospores were exposed to 1 min of Mars UV irradiation. When bacterial monolayers were exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation, no viable bacteria were recovered from the six metal coupons listed above. In contrast, bacterial survival was reduced only two to three orders of magnitude for spore layers on astroquartz and graphite composite exposed to 1 h of Mars UV irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy images of the bacterial monolayers on all eight spacecraft materials revealed that endospores of B. subtilis formed large aggregates of multilayered spores on astroquartz and graphite composite, but not on the other six spacecraft materials. It is likely that the formation of multilayered aggregates of endospores on astroquartz and graphite composite is responsible for the enhanced survival of bacterial cells on these materials.     

民用客机人机工效学适航认证及对策

分析民用客机人机工效学适航认证的特点和挑战,讨论国际适航当局、人机工效学学术界和航空工业界近些年来针对这些挑战所开展的一些研究和实践。结合参与国产民用客机研发的体会,对当前国产民用客机驾驶舱人机工效学型号适航认证的工作流程和方法提出建议,并对今后这方面工作的深入开展提出较为系统的框架性对策。     

Solar activity index for long-term ionospheric forecasts

Based on the comparison of solar activity indices (annual average values of the relative number of sunspots Rz₁₂ and solar radio emission flux at a wavelength of 10.7 cm F₁₂) with the ionospheric index of solar activity IG₁₂ for 1954–2013, we have found that the index F₁₂ is a more accurate (than Rz₁₂) indicator of solar activity for the long-term forecast of foF2 (the critical frequency of the F2-layer). This advantage of the F₁₂ index becomes especially significant after 2000 if the specific features of extreme ultraviolet radiation of the Sun are additionally taken into account in the minima of solar cycles, using an appropriate correction to F₁₂. Qualitative arguments are given in favor of the use of F₁₂ for the long-term forecast of both foF2 and other ionospheric parameters.     

卫星光通信APT控制系统H∞设计

 捕获瞄准跟踪(APT)控制系统的设计是影响整个星间光通信系统性能的重要因素。利用指向偏差的概率分布阐述了卫星光通信过程中捕获概率、跟踪误差及误码率受卫星平台振动和终端装置参数摄动的影响,通过功率谱分析了卫星平台振动在低频段、对象不确定性在高频段对指向偏差的影响,并对其进行了模型化分析。采用H_∞控制混合灵敏度设计方法同时抑制干扰和处理受控对象不确定性问题进行控制器设计。仿真验证表明该方法得到的控制器对平台干扰具有抑制力,对对象摄动具有鲁棒性。