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251.
Ts.P. Dachev B.T. Tomov Yu.N. Matviichuk Pl.G. Dimitrov N.G. Bankov G. Reitz G. Horneck D.-P. Häder M. Lebert M. Schuster 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Space radiation has been monitored successfully using the Radiation Risks Radiometer-Dosimeter (R3D) installed at the ESA EXPOSE-R (R3DR) facility outside of the Russian Zvezda module of the International Space Station (ISS) between March 2009 and January 2011. R3DR is a Liulin type spectrometer–dosimeter with a single Si PIN detector 2 cm2 of area and 0.3 mm thick. The R3DR instrument accumulated about 2 million measurements of the absorbed dose rate and flux of 10 s resolution. The total external and internal shielding before the detector of R3DR device is 0.41 g cm−2. The calculated stopping energy of normally incident particles to the detector is 0.78 MeV for electrons and 15.8 MeV for protons. After the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) at 09:54 UTC on 3 April 2010, a shock was observed at the ACE spacecraft at 0756 UTC on 5 April, which led to a sudden impulse on Earth at 08:26 UTC. Nevertheless, while the magnetic substorms on 5 and 6 of April were moderate; the second largest in history of GOES fluence of electrons with energy >2 MeV was measured. The R3DR data show a relatively small amount of relativistic electrons on 5 April. The maximum dose rate of 2323 μGy day−1 was reached on 7 April; by 9 April, a dose of 6600 μGy was accumulated. By the end of the period on 7 May 2010 a total dose of 11,587 μGy was absorbed. Our data were compared with AE-8 MIN, CRESS and ESA-SEE1 models using SPENVIS and with similar observations on American, Japanese and Russian satellites. 相似文献
252.
María G. Molina M.A. Cabrera R.G. Ezquer P.M. Fernandez E. Zuccheretti 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
Numerical solutions for signal processing are described in this work as a contribution to study of echo detection methods for ionospheric sounder design. The ionospheric sounder is a high frequency radar for geophysical applications. The main detection approach has been done by implementing the spread-spectrum techniques using coding methods to improve the radar’s range resolution by transmitting low power. Digital signal processing has been performed and the numerical methods were checked. An algorithm was proposed and its computational complexity was calculated. 相似文献
253.
Ali G. Hafez Essam Ghamry Hideki Yayama Kiyohumi Yumoto 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
Geomagnetic storm sudden commencements (SSC) contain a wealth of information which is useful in many applications. It is important to point out that the SSCs used in this study are sampled at the rate of one sample per second in order get use of such high resolution data. In this paper, two studies are made on the geomagnetic SSC and an SSC onset automatic detection algorithm is introduced. The first study is about finding the relationship between the SSC rise time and its amplitude. Where it is found that there is a positive correlation between the amplitude and the amplitude gradient which is the amplitude divided by rise time. The second study is checking the spectrum of the SSC, starting from its onset until the end of the SSC rise time. This check had proved that the SSC contains both low and high frequency regions. This led us to introduce a new term, namely the SSC variation rate (VR). This VR is defined as the maximum rate of change of the field in the higher-frequency region of the SSC. These two studies were the guide to build an SSC automatic detector of one sample per second data using multi resolution analysis (MRA) of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The data set contains 134 SSCs with different VRs that were collected from the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN). It is found that the standard deviation of the detection error is 41 s and that the average error is 9 s. From the calculated error distribution function, it is found that the detection error is within the range of −1.5 to 3 min. The detection process, as will be shown in the article, takes 70 s for one station and 3 min if the decision is related to the detection(s) of other stations. These results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over other algorithms in which the detection error ranges between −8 and 5 min and the detection process takes 2–10 min. In addition to being faster and more accurate than the other algorithms, the proposed algorithm is the first algorithm that automatically detects the SSC onset times from high-resolution data unlike previous studies that focused on determining the SSC times automatically using one-minute resolution data. 相似文献
254.
Development of thermal sensors and drilling systems for lunar and planetary regoliths 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N.I. Kömle E. Kaufmann G. Kargl Yang Gao Xu Rui 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
We consider some novel concepts for thermal properties experiments aboard lunar landers or rovers, that may lead to an improved understanding of both the structure of the lunar near surface layers and the lunar thermal history. The new instruments could be developed using the experience and heritage from recently developed systems, like the Rosetta Lander thermal conductivity experiment MUPUS and existing designs used for terrestrial measurements of thermal conductivity. We describe shortly the working principle of such sensors and the main challenges faced when using them in the airless regolith layers of the Moon or other airless bodies. In addition new concepts to create appropriate drill holes for thermal and other measurements in the lunar regolith are discussed. 相似文献
255.
M. Amenomori S. Ayabe X.J. Bi D. Chen S.W. Cui Danzengluobu L.K. Ding X.H. Ding C.F. Feng Zhaoyang Feng Z.Y. Feng X.Y. Gao Q.X. Geng H.W. Guo H.H. He M. He K. Hibino N. Hotta Haibing Hu H.B. Hu J. Huang Q. Huang H.Y. Jia F. Kajino K. Kasahara Y. Katayose C. Kato K. Kawata Labaciren G.M. Le A.F. Li J.Y. Li Y.-Q. Lou H. Lu S.L. Lu X.R. Meng K. Mizutani J. Mu K. Munakata A. Nagai H. Nanjo M. Nishizawa M. Ohnishi I. Ohta H. Onuma T. Ouchi S. Ozawa J.R. Ren T. Saito T.Y. Saito 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
256.
Response of Hainan GPS ionospheric scintillations to the different strong magnetic storm conditions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
S.P. Shang J.K. Shi P.M. Kintner W.M. Zhen X.G. Luo S.Z. Wu G.J. Wang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(4):579-586
Using the GPS ionospheric scintillation data at Hainan station (19.5°N, 109.1°E) in the eastern Asia equatorial regions and relevant ionospheric and geomagnetic data from July 2003 to June 2005, we investigate the response of L-band ionospheric scintillation activity over this region to different strong magnetic storm conditions (Dst < −100 nT) during the descending phase of the solar cycle. These strong storms and corresponding scintillations mainly took place in winter and summer seasons. When the main phase developed rapidly and reached the maximum near 20–21 LT (LT = UT + 8) after sunset, scintillations might occur in the following recovery phase. When the main phase maximum occurred shortly after midnight near 01–02 LT, following the strong scintillations in the pre-midnight main phase, scintillations might also occur in the post-midnight recovery phase. When the main phase maximum took place after 03 LT to the early morning hours no any scintillation could be observed in the latter of the night. Moreover, when the main phase maximum occurred during the daytime hours, scintillations could also hardly be observed in the following nighttime recovery phase, which might last until the end of recovery phase. Occasionally, scintillations also took place in the initial phase of the storm. During those scintillations associated with the nighttime magnetic storms, the height of F layer base (h’F) was evidently increased. However, the increase of F layer base height does not always cause the occurrence of scintillations, which indicates the complex interaction of various disturbance processes in ionosphere and thermosphere systems during the storms. 相似文献
257.
A.V. Oinats K.G. RatovskyG.V. Kotovich 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
We present an investigation of the influence of the 27-day solar flux variations, caused by solar rotation, on the ionosphere parameters such as the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) and the total electron content (TEC). Our observational data were obtained with the Irkutsk Digisonde (DPS-4) located at 52.3 North and 104.3 East during the period from 2003 to 2005. In addition, we use TEC data from the Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM) based on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The solar radiation flux at a wavelength of 10.7 cm (F10.7 index) is used as an index characterizing the solar activity level. A good correlation between observed ionosphere parameters and solar activity variations is found especially in autumn-to-winter season. We estimate the impact of the 27-day solar flux variations on the day-to-day variability and determine the time delay of the ionosphere response. 相似文献
258.
I. C. F. Mueller-Wodarg D. F. Strobel J. I. Moses J. H. Waite J. Crovisier R. V. Yelle S. W. Bougher R. G. Roble 《Space Science Reviews》2008,139(1-4):191-234
This paper summarizes the understanding of aeronomy of neutral atmospheres in the solar system, discussing most planets as well as Saturn’s moon Titan and comets. The thermal structure and energy balance is compared, highlighting the principal reasons for discrepancies amongst the atmospheres, a combination of atmospheric composition, heliocentric distance and other external energy sources not common to all. The composition of atmospheres is discussed in terms of vertical structure, chemistry and evolution. The final section compares dynamics in the upper atmospheres of most planets and highlights the importance of vertical dynamical coupling as well as magnetospheric forcing in auroral regions, where present. It is shown that a first order understanding of neutral atmospheres has emerged over the past decades, thanks to the combined effects of spacecraft and Earth-based observations as well as advances in theoretical modeling capabilities. Key gaps in our understanding are highlighted which ultimately call for a more comprehensive programme of observation and laboratory measurements. 相似文献
259.
施耐德电气工业事业部 《航空制造技术》2010,(12)
<正>身处当今复杂多变的全球经济形势,过程工业所面临的挑战与以往任何时候相比增长了数倍。在这样的背景下,对于过程控制系统的需求已不仅限于实现简单的控制功能,而是能够成为一套管理工厂生产、降低能源消耗、控制成本、减少排放并提 相似文献
260.
E.S. Seo T. Anderson D. Angelaszek S.J. Baek J. Baylon M. Buénerd M. Copley S. Coutu L. Derome B. Fields M. Gupta J.H. Han I.J. Howley H.G. Huh Y.S. Hwang H.J. Hyun I.S. Jeong D.H. Kah K.H. Kang D.Y. Kim H.J. Kim K.C. Kim M.H. Kim K. Kwashnak J. Lee M.H. Lee J.T. Link L. Lutz A. Malinin A. Menchaca-Rocha J.W. Mitchell S. Nutter O. Ofoha H. Park I.H. Park J.M. Park P. Patterson J.R. Smith J. Wu Y.S. Yoon 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2014
The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) instrument is configured with a suite of particle detectors to measure TeV cosmic-ray elemental spectra from protons to iron nuclei over a wide energy range. The goal is to extend direct measurements of cosmic-ray composition to the highest energies practical, and thereby have enough overlap with ground based indirect measurements to answer questions on cosmic-ray origin, acceleration and propagation. The balloon-borne CREAM was flown successfully for about 161 days in six flights over Antarctica to measure elemental spectra of Z = 1–26 nuclei over the energy range 1010 to >1014 eV. Transforming the balloon instrument into ISS-CREAM involves identification and replacement of components that would be at risk in the International Space Station (ISS) environment, in addition to assessing safety and mission assurance concerns. The transformation process includes rigorous testing of components to reduce risks and increase survivability on the launch vehicle and operations on the ISS without negatively impacting the heritage of the successful CREAM design. The project status, including results from the ongoing analysis of existing data and, particularly, plans to increase the exposure factor by another order of magnitude utilizing the International Space Station are presented. 相似文献