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891.
R. Bodmer P. Bochsler J. Geiss R. von Steiger G. Gloeckler 《Space Science Reviews》1995,72(1-2):61-64
This is the first study of the isotopic composition of solar wind helium with the SWICS time-of flight mass spectrometer. Although the design of SWICS is not optimized to measure3He abundances precisely,4He/3He flux ratios can be deduced from the data. The long term ratio is 2290±200, which agrees with the results obtained with the ICI magnetic mass spectrometer on ISEE-3 and with the Apollo SWC foil experiments.The ULYSSES spacecraft follows a trajectory which is ideal for the study of different solar wind types. During one year, from mid-1992 to mid-1993, it was in a range of heliographic latitudes where a recurrent fast stream from the southern polar coronal hole was observed every solar rotation. Solar wind bulk velocities ranged from 350 km/s to 950 km/s which would, in principle allow us to identify velocity-correlated compositional variations. Our investigation of solar wind helium, however, shows an isotopic ratio which does not depend on the solar wind speed. 相似文献
892.
We review work on diffusion coefficients of energetic particles with an attempt to extract implications on their behaviour at high latitudes. In the ecliptic plane results from solar energetic particle propagation between the Sun and about 5 AU can be described by an effective radial mean free path
r
which is approximately constant as a function of distancer. When particle propagation in three dimensions in the heliosphere is considered it is not sufficient to consider
r
only. Jovian electrons can be used as probes to determine the parameters of three-dimensional diffusion. In the polar regions diffusion is dominated by its parallel component. Some predictions how should vary with latitude are discussed. For different choices of this variation we present expectations for intensity-time profiles of solar particle events during the Ulysses polar passages. 相似文献
893.
We report the discovery that for latitudes above 40°S, the observed recurring modulation of cosmic rays and anomalous nuclei occurs without the detection byUlysses of the solar wind velocity and magnetic field recurring enhancements that have, heretofore at lower latitudes, defined corotating interaction regions—i.e., the mechanism producing the recurring intensity variations >40°S appears to be located beyond the radial range ofUlysses. 相似文献
894.
A. Balogh J. A. Gonzalez-Esparza R. J. Forsyth M. E. Burton B. E. Goldstein E. J. Smith S. J. Bame 《Space Science Reviews》1995,72(1-2):171-180
Between its launch in October 1990 and the end of 1993, approximately 160 fast collisionless shock waves were observed in the solar wind by the Ulysses space probe. During the in-ecliptic part of the mission, to February 1992, the observed shock waves were first caused mainly by solar transient events following the solar maximum and the reorganisation of the large scale coronal fields. With the decay in solar activity, relatively stable Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) were observed betwen 3 and 5.4 AU, each associated with at least one forwardreverse shock pair. During the out-of-ecliptic phase of the orbit, from February 1992 onwards, CIRs and shock pairs associated with them continued to dominate the observations. From July 1992, Ulysses encountered the fast solar wind flow from the newly developed southern polar coronal hole, and from May 1993 remained in the unipolar magnetic region associated with this coronal hole. At latitudes beyond 30°, CIRs were associated almost exclusively with reverse shocks only. A comprehensive list of shock waves identified in the magnetic field and solar wind plasma data from Ulysses is given in Table 1. The principal characteristics were determined mainly from the magnetic field data. General considerations concerning the determination of shock characteristics are outlined in the Introduction. 相似文献
895.
This study presents a methodology for specifying a neural controller for a system about which no a priori model information is available. The neural design presumes that a finite duration input/output (I/O) histogram on the system is available. The design procedure extracts from the histogram sufficient information to specify the neural feedback controller. The resultant controller will drive the system along a general output reference profile (unknown during the design). The resultant controller also exhibits the capability of disturbance rejection and the capacity to stabilize unstable plants 相似文献
896.
Messenger S. Stadermann F.J. Floss C. Nittler L.R. Mukhopadhyay S. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,106(1-4):155-172
Interplanetary dust particles collected in the stratosphere frequently exhibit enrichments in deuterium (D) and 15N relative to terrestrial materials. These effects are most likely due to the preservation of presolar interstellar materials.
While the elevated D/H ratios probably resulted from mass fractionation during chemical reactions at very low < 100 K temperatures,
the origin of the N isotopic anomalies remains unresolved. The bulk of the N-bearing material may have obtained its isotopic
signatures from low temperature chemistry, but a nucleosynthetic origin is also possible.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
897.
Contrary to the often stated view, an enrichment of organic material in the light isotope is not a conclusive evidence of
its life-related origin. The β13C - σ13C correlation is a special feature of biological systems. Therefore it can be used as a criterion for identification of organic
carbon. A survey of the available isotopic data for organic compounds in meteorites shows that they do not comply with the
β13C - σ13C correlation. The prevalence of amino and hydroxy acids in purines and sugars found in carbonaceous meteorites indicates
that condensation of HCN and HCHO passed through cyanohydrin reaction, while biological evolution proceeds through formation
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This, in addition to the isotope criterion, indicates that the organic compounds in carbonaceous
chondrites are not life-related substances.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
898.
With a precise geoid, GOCE will allow an estimation of absolute dynamic topography from altimetry. The projected benefits
to operational oceanography and its applications are analyzed herein. After a brief overview of operational oceanography,
we explain how the new geoids will be used in the future to improve real time altimeter products and to better constrain modelling
and data assimilation systems. A significant impact is expected both for mesoscale (e.g. better estimations and forecasts of currents for pollution monitoring, marine safety, offshore industry) and climate (better
initialization of coupled ocean/atmosphere models) applications.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
899.
Terrestrial technology is now, and increasingly, sensitive to space weather. Most space weather is caused by solar storms
and the resulting changes to the Earth's radiation environment and the magnetosphere. The Sun as the driver of space weather
is under intense observation but remains to be adequately modelled. Recent spacecraft measurements are greatly improving models
of solar activity, the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere, and models of the radiation belts. In-situ data
updates the basic magnetospheric model to provide specific details of high-energy electron flux at satellite orbits. Shock
wave effects at the magnetopause can also be coarsely predicted. However, the specific geomagnetic effects at ground level
depend on the calculation of magnetic and electric fields and further improvements are needed. New work on physical models
is showing promise of raising geomagnetic and ionospheric predictability above the synoptic climatological level.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
900.
Recent data and theory for type II solar radio bursts are reviewed, focusing on a recent analytic quantitative theory for
interplanetary type II bursts. The theory addresses electron reflection and acceleration at the type II shock, formation of
electron beams in the foreshock, and generation of Langmuir waves and the type II radiation there. The theory's predictions
as functions of the shock and plasma parameters are summarized and discussed in terms of space weather events. The theory
is consistent with available data, has explanations for radio-loud/quiet coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and why type IIs are
bursty, and can account for empirical correlations between type IIs, CMEs, and interplanetary disturbances.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献