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571.
C.Q. Xiang F.S. Wei X.S. Feng J.F. Wang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,36(12):2308-2312
The evolution of coronal mass ejection/shock system is investigated by numerically solving the usual set of two-dimensional single-fluid polytropic magnetohydrodynamic equations from 1 Rs to 1 AU in the meridian plane. The simulation result reveals that the coronal mass ejection/shock system formed near the sun evolves into the magnetic cloud/shock system near the earth’s orbit through the following three phases: the initial formation, the dominant latitudinal expansion and the similar expansion. 相似文献
572.
High accuracy satellite drag model (HASDM) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mark F. Storz Bruce R. Bowman Major James I. Branson Stephen J. Casali W. Kent Tobiska 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,36(12):2497-2505
The dominant error source in force models used to predict low-perigee satellite trajectories is atmospheric drag. Errors in operational thermospheric density models cause significant errors in predicted satellite positions, since these models do not account for dynamic changes in atmospheric drag for orbit predictions. The Air Force Space Battlelab’s High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) estimates and predicts (out three days) a dynamically varying global density field. HASDM includes the Dynamic Calibration Atmosphere (DCA) algorithm that solves for the phases and amplitudes of the diurnal and semidiurnal variations of thermospheric density near real-time from the observed drag effects on a set of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) calibration satellites. The density correction is expressed as a function of latitude, local solar time and altitude. In HASDM, a time series prediction filter relates the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) energy index E10.7 and the geomagnetic storm index ap, to the DCA density correction parameters. The E10.7 index is generated by the SOLAR2000 model, the first full spectrum model of solar irradiance. The estimated and predicted density fields will be used operationally to significantly improve the accuracy of predicted trajectories for all low-perigee satellites. 相似文献
573.
574.
E. Echer B.T. Tsurutani F.L. Guarnieri 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
In this article, we study fast shocks at CIR boundaries during an extended interval of 15 consecutive major high speed solar wind streams in 1992–1993. Ulysses was 4–5 AU from the sun. The Abraham-Schrauner shock normal method and the Rankine-Hugoniot relations were used to determine fast shock directions and speeds. Out of 33 potential CIR shocks, 14 were determined to be fast forward shocks (FSs) and 14 were fast reverse shocks (RSs). Of the remaining 5 events, 2 were forward waves and 3 were reverse waves. CIR edges at latitudes below ∼30o were, for the most part, bounded by fast magnetosonic shocks. The forward shocks were generally quasi-perpendicular (average θnBo = 67o). The reverse shocks were more oblique (average θnBo = 52o), but they extended to all angles. Both FSs and RSs had magnetosonic Mach numbers ranging from 1 to 5 or 6. The average Mach numbers were 2.4 and 2.6 for FSs and RSs, respectively. The shock Mach numbers were noted to generally decrease with increasing latitude. The non-shock events or waves were noted to occur preferentially at high (∼−30° to −35°) heliolatitudes where stream-stream interactions were presumably weaker. These results are consistent with expectations, indicating the general accuracy of the Abraham-Schrauner technique. 相似文献
575.
Francis F. Badavi Daniel O. Adams John W. Wilson 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
The origin of the aluminum equivalent shield approximation in space radiation analysis can be traced back to its roots in the early years of the NASA space programs (Mercury, Gemini and Apollo) wherein the primary radiobiological concern was the intense sources of ionizing radiation causing short term effects which was thought to jeopardize the safety of the crew and hence the mission. Herein, it is shown that the aluminum equivalent shield approximation, although reasonably well suited for that time period and to the application for which it was developed, is of questionable usefulness to the radiobiological concerns of routine space operations of the 21st century which will include long stays onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and perhaps the moon. This is especially true for a risk based protection system, as appears imminent for deep space exploration where the long-term effects of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) exposure is of primary concern. The present analysis demonstrates that sufficiently large errors in the interior particle environment of a spacecraft result from the use of the aluminum equivalent approximation, and such approximations should be avoided in future astronaut risk estimates. In this study, the aluminum equivalent approximation is evaluated as a means for estimating the particle environment within a spacecraft structure induced by the GCR radiation field. For comparison, the two extremes of the GCR environment, the 1977 solar minimum and the 2001 solar maximum, are considered. These environments are coupled to the Langley Research Center (LaRC) deterministic ionized particle transport code High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport (HZETRN), which propagates the GCR spectra for elements with charges (Z) in the range 1 ? Z ? 28 (H–Ni) and secondary neutrons through selected target materials. The coupling of the GCR extremes to HZETRN allows for the examination of the induced environment within the interior of an idealized spacecraft as approximated by a spherical shell shield, and the effects of the aluminum equivalent approximation for a good polymeric shield material such as generic polyethylene (PE). The shield thickness is represented by a 25 g/cm2 spherical shell. Although, one could imagine the progression to greater thickness, the current range will be sufficient to evaluate the qualitative usefulness of the aluminum equivalent approximation. Upon establishing the inaccuracies of the aluminum equivalent approximation through numerical simulations of the GCR radiation field attenuation for PE and aluminum equivalent PE spherical shells, we further present results for a limited set of commercially available, hydrogen rich, multifunctional polymeric constituents to assess the effect of the aluminum equivalent approximation on their radiation attenuation response as compared to the generic PE. 相似文献
576.
Richard F. Mushotzky 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,3(10-12)
The X-ray spectra of broad line active galactic nuclei of all types (Seyfert I's, NELG's, Broadline radio galaxies) is well fit by a power law in the .5–100 keV band of mean energy slope α = .68±.15. There is, as yet, no strong evidence for time variability of this slope in a given object. The constraints that this places on simple models of the central energy source are discussed. BL Lac objects have quite different X-ray spectral properties and show pronounced X-ray spectral variability.On time scales longer than 12 hours most radio quiet AGN do not show strong, ΔI/I > .5, variability. The probability of variability of these AGN seems to be inversely related to their luminosity. However characteristic timescales for variability have not been measured for many objects. This general lack of variability may imply that most AGN are well below the Eddington limit. Radio bright AGN tend to be more variable on long, τ 6 month, timescales. 相似文献
577.
V.V Benghin V.M Petrov Yu.V Ivanov V.A Shurshakov S.B Kozlova V.D Nguyen J.F Bottollier M Siegrist 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,18(12):167-170
The estimation of radiation quality factor in space flights is a serious problem of space dosimetry. The solution of this problem is based on LET-spectra measurements. The “NAUSICAA”-device installed on the “MIR” station has a detector with a large geometric factor, that gives the possibility of measuring LET-spectra with sufficient statistic in relatively short time interval and hence the corresponding Q. LET-spectra are accumulated through 24 hour periods and equivalent dose (H), absorbed dose (D), quality factor and flux (F) are measured every 10 minutes. The obtained data permit the estimate of the diurnal Q and Q in South Atlantic Anomaly. These values vary in the range of 1.4 – 2.2. The analysis of these values including their comparison with the calculated results is given in this paper. 相似文献
578.
M.R. Leese J.A.M. McDonnell S.F. Green E. Busoletti B.C. Clark L. Colangeli J.F. Crifo P. Eberhardt F. Giovane E. Grün B. Gustafson D.W. Hughes D. Jackson P. Lamy Y. Langevin I. Mann S. McKenna-Lawlor W.G. Tanner P.R. Weissman J.C. Zarnecki 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,17(12):137-140
579.
L Gualandris S Grinfeld F Foulquier P Kan A M Duprat 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,17(6-7):265-268
Pleurodeles waltl, an Urodele amphibian is proposed as a model for space biology studies. Our laboratory is developing three types of experiments in space using this animal: 1) in vivo fertilization and development ("FERTILE" project); 2) influence of microgravity and space radiation on the organization and preservation of specialized structures in the neurons and muscle cells (in vitro; "CELIMENE" PROJECT); 3) influence of microgravity on tissue regeneration (muscle, bone, epidermis and spinal cord). 相似文献
580.
Ultrastructural and growth indices of Chlorella culture in multicomponent aquatic systems under space flight conditions. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A F Popova K M Sytnik E L Kordyum G I Meleshko V N Sychev M A Levinskykh 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(11):79-82
Submicroscopic organization of Chlorella cells cultivated under space flight conditions in three-component aquatic system has been studied. Comparison of the experimental cells with that of the controls revealed certain rearrangements of cell organelles particularly, a reduction in the amount of reserve polysaccharides in chloroplasts, increase of cell vacuolization and mitochondrion volume, complication configuration of plasmalemma evaginations and invaginations, and also disturbances in the process of cytokinesis. More over an increase in the number of Chlorella cells infected by bacteria was shown in the experimental variant. No considerable differences were established in the growth characteristics of the experimental and control populations. A comparative cytological analysis revealed general regularities of organelles in Chlorella cells cultivated under space flight condition in the uni- and multicomponent systems. 相似文献