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941.
Studies evaluating the transport coefficients for energetic particles in interplanetary space are described in relation to particle data.In position space, the main mode of propagation is along field lines but perpendicular diffusion and drift motion is also possible. Diffusion coefficients based on interplanetary magnetic field data are either derived from quasi-linear, adiabatic theory or this theory corrected for finite scattering near 90° pitch angle or by numerical techniques. Relevant particle data includes solar proton event time profile and anisotropy measurements. In general, when Fokker-Planck transport equation solutions are fitted to particle data, the parallel diffusion coefficients obtained still appear rather larger than those given by theoretical estimates. Perpendicular diffusion is shown to be due to field line wandering and random drift motion effects. The importance of drift motion in cosmic ray modulation theory is mentioned.Although much emphasis is currently placed upon shock acceleration in CIR's, statistical acceleration in interplanetary space must be considered. Energetic particles may gain energy from longitudinal waves and cyclotron resonance interactions. Analytical and numerical estimates of the energy space diffusion coefficients are considered. Some reveal a surprising importance to this statistical acceleration and can explain a variety of data.Presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, held at Ottawa, Canada, May 1982. 相似文献
942.
This review summarizes some of the recent results obtained by ground-based detectors recording cosmic-ray intensity at high energies (>1 GeV) for almost five decades. The long-term changes observed in the isotropic and anisotropic components of cosmic-ray intensity are presented. It is noted in particular that significant changes occurred in the characteristics of cosmic-ray modulation after the 1969–70 period. Most of these are definitively related to the reversal of the solar poloidal field; their characteristics are described with a view to relate these with the heliospheric configuration. Anomalies in the variational characteristics of both isotropic and anisotropic parts of cosmic ray intensity, noticed particularly during the period of very high speed solar wind streams, are discussed in detail. Phenomena with periodicities of 11 and 22 years occur simultaneously; their relative importance is derived and related to interplanetary variables. Suggestions for further studies, as needed, are also incorporated.Presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, held at Ottawa, Canada, May 1982. 相似文献
943.
A. Nishida 《Space Science Reviews》1983,34(2):185-200
We review recent progress in the understanding of the IMF control on the Earth's magnetosphere through the reconnection process. Major points include, (1) the identification of the magnetopause structure under the southward IMF polarity to be the rotational discontinuity and the resulting inference that the reconnection line is formed in the equatorial region, and (2) the confirmation from several observational aspects that under the northward IMF the reconnection takes place in the polar cusp. The point (1) is consistent with the observed correlations of geomagnetic indices with IMF but raises an important theoretical issue, and the point (2) is accompanied by an interesting issue of explaining why the polar cap electron precipitation is more energetic under such IMF conditions. Critical studies have reaffirmed the view that the energy supplied by reconnection is partly transported directly to the ionosphere to drive the DP-2 type current system but at the same time it is partly stored in the magnetic field of the tail to be unloaded 0.5 1 hr later to produce the expansion phase of substorm.Presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, held at Ottawa, Canada, May 1982. 相似文献
944.
D. D. Burgess 《Space Science Reviews》1972,13(4-6):493-527
Work under the heading of Laboratory Plasma Spectroscopy may be conveniently separated into three classes depending on the extent to which the interaction of the emitting atoms with their plasma environment is central to the investigation. Zero order, the longest established use of laboratory plasmas in connection with astrophysics, concerns the use of hot plasmas for the excitation, measurement, and identification of the spectra of highly-stripped ions. In such work the properties of the plasma itself are usually of secondary importance. In first-order, plasma spectroscopy is used to determine fundamental atomic data concerned with the interaction of an atom with a single particle, usually either a photon or an electron, i.e.: the determination of oscillator strengths and collision cross-sections. Finally, higher-order processes in which the plasma nature of the surrounding medium is most relevant concern the study of line-shapes, and related topics such as the excitation of satellite spectral features by plasma oscillations. Developments in plasma diagnostic techniques in the last five years have greatly extended the scope of the second and third categories and have yielded much astrophysically important information from laboratory studies. Recent advances in these areas are reviewed. 相似文献
945.
Joseph F. Dolan 《Space Science Reviews》1970,10(6):830-868
The variability of the X-ray spectrum of the discrete source Cyg XR-1 (α = 19h 56m δ = +35°.1) is reviewed. The variations observed in the energy region accessible to balloon borne detectors (energies greater
than 20 keV) can be explained by assuming them to be caused by the eclipsing properties of a binary system. It is suggested
that the system is composed of a source of small angular extent having a spectrum similar to that of a black body at approximately
1.5 × 108 K (kT= 12.5 keV) and a non X-radiating companion which eclipses it at intervals of 2.9850 days. The system would be surrounded
by an X-radiating plasma whose photon flux between 1 and 100 keV can be approximated by a power law spectrum whose exponent
is — 1.7. 相似文献
946.
The imaging capabilities of the Exosat and Einstein satellites at soft X-ray wavelengths have begun to show that suitable Galactic X-ray sources have extended ( 10 arcmin) haloes due to scattering of soft X-rays by interstellar dust. A simple argument suggests that similar haloes, due to scattering by intergalactic dust, should exist around distant (z 1) quasars and detailed analysis confirms this conclusion. A search for such haloes around suitable X-ray quasars could provide valuable, model-independent, constraints on the amount and origin of intergalactic dust. 相似文献
947.
The radar cross section of a flat plate has a sin x/x lobe structure. If a synthetic-array radar flies past the plate the resulting image is dependent upon what part of this lobe structure is sampled. When the plate is parallel to the flight path, the image is a line as wide as the plate. If the plate is not parallel, only the discontinuities at the ends of the plate are visible in the image. 相似文献
948.
This paper presents an overview of the identification and selection process of experiments and payloads for manned space flight missions, emphasizing the scope and magnitude of the problem of doing activity planning and the need for a methodology to assure timely flight and appropriate spacecraft design. Conclusions and results derived from the past several years are presented together with an analysis of the current procedure for defining activity for the space station. 相似文献
949.
Salinger S.N. Brandstatter J.J. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1970,(4):585-592
The techniques of recursive estimation and Kalman filtering are applied to the problem of estimation of space vehicle orbits and trajectories using only measurements of the Doppler shifts in radio signals transmitted by or reflected from the target. Two approaches are described. One is a global fit technique in which the parameters of an assumed trajectory model are estimated. The second is a pointwise mapping technique in which the trajectory estimate is extrapolated as the target tracking data is received. The paper provides a tutorial illustration of the direct application of recursive optimization techniques to a class of engineering problems. 相似文献
950.