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11.
Nicholas W. Watkins Daniel Credgington Bogdan Hnat Sandra C. Chapman Mervyn P. Freeman John Greenhough 《Space Science Reviews》2005,121(1-4):271-284
Mandelbrot introduced the concept of fractals to describe the non-Euclidean shape of many aspects of the natural world. In
the time series context, he proposed the use of fractional Brownian motion (fBm) to model non-negligible temporal persistence,
the ‘Joseph Effect’; and Lévy flights to quantify large discontinuities, the ‘Noah Effect’. In space physics, both effects
are manifested in the intermittency and long-range correlation which are by now well-established features of geomagnetic indices
and their solar wind drivers. In order to capture and quantify the Noah and Joseph effects in one compact model, we propose
the application of the ‘bridging’ fractional Lévy motion (fLm) to space physics. We perform an initial evaluation of some
previous scaling results in this paradigm, and show how fLm can model the previously observed exponents. We suggest some new
directions for the future. 相似文献
12.
Kinetic simulations of supercritical, quasi-perpendicular shocks yield time-varying solutions that cyclically reform on proton
spatio-temporal scales. Whether a shock solution is stationary or reforming depends upon the plasma parameters which, for
SNR shocks and the heliospheric termination shock, are ill defined but believed to be within this time-dependent regime. We
first review the time-dependent solutions and the acceleration processes of the ions for a proton–electron plasma. We then
present recent results for a three-component plasma: background protons, electrons and a second ion population appropriate
for SNR (heavy ions) or the termination shock (pickup protons). This ion acceleration generates a suprathermal “injection”
population – a seed population for subsequent acceleration at the shock, which may in turn generate ions at cosmic ray energies. 相似文献
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Michael J. S. Belton Kenneth P. Klaasen Maurice C. Clary James L. Anderson Clifford D. Anger Michael H. Carr Clark R. Chapman Merton E. Davies Ronald Greeley Donald Anderson Lawrence K. Bolef Timothy E. Townsend Richard Greenberg James W. Head III Gerhard Neukum Carl B. Pilcher Joseph Veverka Peter J. Gierasch Fraser P. Fanale Andrew P. Ingersoll Harold Masursky David Morrison James B. Pollack 《Space Science Reviews》1992,60(1-4):413-455
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In the present paper, we study the problem of detonation in unconfined, gaseous mixtures of methane/oxygen/nitrogen. A numerical simulation approach is employed in which we use a one-dimensional (spherical symmetry), time-dependent computer model to simulate the coupled compressible fluid dynamics-chemical kinetics processes which occur upon direct initiation of detonation. We establish the magnitude of explosive yield of tetryl required to initiate detonation in mixtures of CH4 + 2O2 with varying degrees of nitrogen dilution, up to and including stoichiometric
. The numerical simulations illustrate the features of direct initiation observed in many experimental investigations, e.g. shock-wave breakaway followed by detonation reestablishment via a quasi-steady, oscillatory flow regime which occurs before the establishment of a steadily propagating spherical detonation. Our results compare well with recent experimental data obtained by Bull et al. (1976) over the range of tetryl masses studied by them. We find that tetryl explosive masses in excess of 107 grams would be required to initiate detonation in an unconfined, stoichiometric
mixture. 相似文献
17.
D.K. Chapman A.H. Brown 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1981,1(14):103-107
Dark-grown, 4-day old, seedlings were rotated for 20 hr on horizontal clinostats to minimize the amplitude of circumnutation. Then a Plexiglas sheet was placed gently against the tip of the cotyledons. By time-lapse video imaging (using intermittent IR illumination to which the plants were insensitive) movements of the clinostatted plants were observed before, during, and after the period of mechanical contact. Immediately after the Plexiglas sheet was removed residual nutation increased in amplitude almost three-fold, then declined over the next 7 hr to the prestimulation level. This demonstration of enhancement of circumnutation by mechanical contact is consistent with the model of an endogenous oscillator that can be stimulated by factors other than gravity. 相似文献