Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

ILD智能交通流量测试仪

介绍一种交通流量测试仪，它具有高灵敏度、高信噪比、传输距离远，可以准确地测量机动车、自行车流量，且成本低。由于该仪器设置了驱动变送器，采用了一种新的传输结构，引入了微机技术，模式识别等技术，从而研制出性能稳定、操作方便、实用性强且具有国际先进水平的道路交通流量测试装置。     

GPS空间分集接收机

为解决传统单天线GPS接收机在载体旋转情况下不能连续跟踪卫星连续定位和速度偏差较大的问题,提出一种GPS空间分集接收机设计方案。该接收机采用空间分集算法和消旋解算方法,能稳定连续地跟踪GPS卫星信号,并准确地求解出载体的平动速度。     

Choroidal responses in microgravity. (SLS-1, SLS-2 and hindlimb-suspension experiments)

Fluid and electrolyte shifts occuring during human spaceflight have been reported and investigated at the level of blood, cardio-vascular and renal responses. Very few data were available concerning the cerebral fluid and electrolyte adaptation to microgravity, even in animal models. It is the reason why we developed several studies focused on the effects of spaceflight (SLS-1 and SLS-2 programs, carried on NASA STS 40 and 56 missions, which were 9- and 14-day flights, respectively), on structural and functional features of choroid plexuses, organs which secrete 70–90 % of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and which are involved in brain homeostasis. Rats flown aboard space shuttles were sacrificed either in space (SLS-2 experiment, on flight day 13) or 4–8 hours after landing (SLS-1 and SLS-2 experiments). Quantitative autoradiography performed by microdensitometry and image analysis, showed that lateral and third ventricle choroid plexuses from rats flown for SLS-1 experiment demonstrated an increased number (about x 2) of binding sites to natriuretic peptides (which are known to be involved in mechanisms regulating CSF production). Using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, we studied the cellular response of choroid plexuses, which produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain lateral, third and fourth ventricles. We demonstrated that spaceflight (SLS-2 experiment, inflight samples) induces changes in the choroidal cell structure (apical microvilli, kinocilia organization, vesicle accumulation) and protein distribution or expression (carbonic anhydrase II, water channels,…). These observations suggested a loss of choroidal cell polarity and a decrease in CSF secretion. Hindlimb-suspended rats displayed similar choroidal changes. All together, these results support the hypothesis of a modified CSF production in rats during long-term (9, 13 or 14 days) adaptations to microgravity.     

导弹子母弹子弹抛撒弹道模型及数字仿真

建立了导弹子母弹抛撒弹道模型，并编制了抛撒弹道仿真程序，仿真结果与靶场试验结果一致，仿真程序也适用于所有弹道导弹子母弹撒 轴对称子弹的无控弹道仿真，可为地地导弹子母作战使用及作战效能研究提供强有力的分析工具。     

Tether Satellite System Collision Study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the Space Shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10cm in size or larger was on the order of 10^–3 per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are useful for tether collision evaluations in general.     

喷管内横流流场的数值模拟

采用显式的原始ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ时间分裂格式和改进的ＴＶＤ ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ格式分别求解了二维轴对称喷管内横流流场的Ｎ－Ｓ方，得到了与理论分析结果相近似的流场结果图谱，并对以上两方法得到的结果进行了比较，结果表明：ＴＶＤ的方法具有更高的精度。文中还介绍了一种基于ＴＴＭ方法的改进的网格生成方法，用于生成贴壁性和正交性都比较好的网格，实现了完全由边界网点分布来确定内部网格点的分布。     

模型的随机平衡降阶

本文提出了系统在白噪声激励下的一种开环降阶方法—随机平衡降阶法。在系统的随机平衡坐标中，输出性能指标可以表示成一组与系统随机可控／可观格莱姆相关的贡献值的和。根据这组贡献值的大小，可以决定在随机平衡坐标下降阶模型所要保留的状态分量，并从输出误差指标的最优角度出发，对输出矩阵作个修正。最后给出了一个数值仿真例子。     

“长征三号”一,二级火箭的防潮,防水

叙述了“长征三号”火箭，首次在雨季发射时，采用的防潮防水技术的实施方案及使用后的效果。它给运载火箭的电气系统正常工作创造了良好的环境条件，保证了火箭安全、可靠、及时发射。     

Shuttle avionics verification and integration testing

The Space Shuttle Orbiter employs a fly-by-wire control system of 200 major avionic hardware devices interfacing with five flight computers through a complex data bus system. Responses to man-in-the-loop commands are dependent on the flight software. Early program development testing of the computer and avionic hardware has been accomplished at Rockwell International's Shuttle Avionics Development Laboratory (ADL). Hardware development has led to complete multi-string system testing and flight software evaluations. This paper provides an overview of the ADL. Its role and test capabilities in support of Shuttle development are defined. The nature of computer driven test programs for the Orbiter displays, the Digital Autopilot, and flight software development describe the test bed provided by the ADL.