Adenine synthesis in interstellar space: mechanisms of prebiotic pyrimidine-ring formation of monocyclic HCN-pentamers

The question whether the nucleobases can be synthesized in interstellar space is of fundamental significance in considerations of the origin of life. Adenine is formally the HCN pentamer, and experiments have demonstrated that adenine is formed under certain conditions by HCN pentamerization in gas, liquid, and condensed phases. Most mechanistic proposals invoke the intermediacy of the HCN tetramer AICN (4), and it is thought that adenine synthesis is completed by addition of the 5(th) HCN to 4 to form amidine 5 and subsequent pyrimidine cyclization. In this context, we have been studying the mechanism for prebiotic pyrimidine-ring formation of monocyclic HCN-pentamers with ab initio electronic structure theory. The calculations model gas phase chemistry, and the results primarily inform discussions of adenine synthesis in interstellar space. Purine formation requires tautomerization of 5 to the conjugated amidine 6 (via hydrogen-tunneling, thermally with H(+) -catalysis, or by photolysis) or to keteneimine 7 (by photolysis). It was found that 5-(N'-formamidinyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carbonitrile (6) can serve as a substrate for proton-catalyzed purine formation under photolytic conditions and N-(4-(iminomethylene)-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-ylidene)formamidine (7) can serve as a substrate for uncatalyzed purine formation under photolytic conditions. The absence of any sizeable activation barrier for the cyclization of 7 to the (Z)-imino form of 9H-adenine (Z)-2 is quite remarkable, and it is this feature that allows for the formation of the purine skeleton from 7 without any further activation.     

基于图像的测量方法在工业风洞跨声速流测量中的最新进展

风洞中非定常复杂流场的实验研究要求先进的测量技术.基于图像的测量技术中最重要的是测量平面流速度场、平面压强分布、模型位置和变形、模型温度以及定量的高速流可视化等技术.DLR(德国宇航研究院)对这些技术的应用包括从低速流到跨声速流、从增升装置到螺旋桨和旋翼、从弹射装置和水塔储水罐尾迹流旋涡到三角翼上涡破裂现象等的研究.由于跨声速风洞的特殊环境,将基于图像的测量技术用于跨声速流要求专门的技术开发和有经验的科学家.给出了DLR空气动力学和流动技术研究所将基于图像的测量技术应用于跨声速流研究的最新进展.     

绕物体超声速非均匀尾流(英文)

针对超声速入射流的非均匀性对物体的气体动力特性和热特性的影响作了研究。本述评主要讨论的是尾流型非均匀流动,重点为研究它们的实验方法和理论方法、气流中物体的热和动力特性的普遍相似关系,以及非均匀流的分类和特性等方面。     

窄体客机换发热议

在一年之前,民用发动机制造商还不能确定空客或波音公司是否会在2011—2012年之前为A320和波音737系列选择新一代发动机。但是今年,随着时间的推移,特别是国际运输飞机交易协会冬季年会的召开,换发趋势逐渐明朗。工业界有望在今年7月的范堡罗航展上首次得到两大飞机公司宣布更换发动机的确切消息。从目前情况来看,空客公司将在4月有所行动。     

平面磨削时表层质量过程监测参数的实验研究(2)——磨削表层应力状态的过程监测和预报

磨削表面残余应力状态是影响许多机器零件使用性能的重要表面特性之一。但它极难在磨削过程中进行监测和判断。 在平面磨床上进行大量16MoCr5表面硬化钢的磨削试验证明,磨削表面残余应力σ_Ⅱ与单位面积磨削功率P″_c及磨削力比F_n/F_t间存在很好的函数对应关系,在实验数据的基础上应用回归分析的方法建立了用过程特征参量计算表面残余测定仪应力的实验公式。当P″_c:未超过第二临界值P″_(cⅡ)时,用残余应力模型所计算的数值与由X射线应力测定仪测定的数值相符合。而在超过该临界值P″_(cⅡ)的情况下,由于磨削烧伤引起表面产生二次淬硬层其至裂纹,这时计算所得的高的拉应力值不就能在工件表面测得。 综合本研究课题的第一部分及本文的结果表明,单位面积磨削功率P″_c和磨削力比F_n/F可以作为磨削过程监测和预报表层质量的可靠的过程特征参量应用于生产实践。     

稳定的文氏电桥振荡器设计

幅度稳定度和频率稳定度是设计振荡器的主要问题。后者一般是涉及选择适当的元件,而前者是这里设计的放大器要解决的。若振幅稳定度和失真要求不高,简单的限幅型振荡器一般就足够了。获得幅度稳定的一种方法是加入诸如自     

频率相关函数在雷达目标检测中的应用

35GHz高分辨合成孔径雷达(SAR)地形图像的分析表明：当以低入射余角观测诸如车辆一类的点目标时，由于车辆的雷达反射截面积(RCS)强度与树干所呈现的RCS的上端不相上下，所以常常很难将车辆一类的点目标与树干区分开来。为了解决点目标／树干混淆问题，已完成了详细研究去评估基于复频率相关函数(FCF)的新颖检测特征的作用。本文介绍了一种FCF分析研究及其实际意义，数值仿真研究的结果旨在评估采用了FCF的检测算法的性能，并在35GHz和95GHz所进行的实验观测证实了该理论。发现在90％以上的情况下，FCF检测算法能正确识别树干，而虚警率仅为3％。     

采用结构协方差矩阵的机载／天基雷达的空时自适应处理

本文表明有效地采用机载／天基（A/S）杂波协方差矩阵（CCM）的部分信息可以大大提高在杂波和干扰环境下块处理空／时自适应处理机（STAP）的收敛性能。CCM的部分知识以由机载雷达团体开发的简化通用杂波模型（GCM）为基础。设定一个参数的先验知识，该参数应是易于通过与这种模型相关的雷达平台可测的（但不一定准确）。这种GCM产生一种假定的CCM。用这种假定的CCM和热噪声协方差矩阵的精确知识一起形成STAP要用的未知干扰协方差矩阵的最大似然估值（MLE）。对利用先验杂波和热噪声协方差信息的这种新算法的评估采用两种杂波模型：1）失配的GCM，2）高保真的空军研究实验室STAP杂波模型。对于这两种杂波模型，这种新算法要大大好于（即收敛更快）采样矩阵求逆（SMI）和快速最大似然（FML）STAP算法，后一种模型仅用了热噪声协方差矩阵的信息。     

Pascal与Ada的比较

本文将比较 Pascal 和 Ada 这两种程序设计语言。Ada 以:Pascal 为基础,而它们的设计目标却截然不同。Pascal 是为教学设计的,而 Ada 是为较大的军用软件系统设计的。仅当 Pascal的局限性不致影响应用程序设计时,Pascal 的简明性才是方便的。     

An Event Horizon Imager(EHI) Mission Concept Utilizing Medium Earth Orbit Sub-mm Interferometry

Submillimeter interferometry has the potential to image supermassive black holes on event horizon scales, providing tests of the theory of general relativity and increasing our understanding of black hole accretion processes. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) performs these observations from the ground, and its main imaging targets are Sagittarius A* in the Galactic Center and the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. However, the EHT is fundamentally limited in its performance by atmospheric effects and sparse terrestrial (u,v)-coverage (Fourier sampling of the image). The scientific interest in quantitative studies of the horizon size and shape of these black holes has motivated studies into using space interferometry which is free of these limitations. Angular resolution considerations and interstellar scattering effects push the desired observing frequency to bands above 500 GHz.
This paper presents the requirements for meeting these science goals, describes the concept of interferometry from Polar or Equatorial Medium Earth Orbits (PECMEO) which we dub the Event Horizon Imager (EHI), and utilizes suitable space technology heritage. In this concept, two or three satellites orbit at slightly different orbital radii, resulting in a dense and uniform spiral-shaped (u,v)-coverage over time. The local oscillator signals are shared via an inter-satellite link, and the data streams are correlated on-board before final processing on the ground. Inter-satellite metrology and satellite positioning are extensively employed to facilitate the knowledge of the instrument position vector, and its time derivative. The European space heritage usable for both the front ends and the antenna technology of such an instrument is investigated. Current and future sensors for the required inter-satellite metrology are listed. Intended performance estimates and simulation results are given.